Diamicron® en el tratamiento de la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2

La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2es una de las enfermedades crónicas con mayor impacto sociosanitario, no solo por su alta prevalencia, sino también por las complicaciones crónicas que produce y por su elevada tasa de mortalidad. Según la OMS, se estima que en el año 2035 el número de afectados alcanzará los 592 millones. Este enorme aumento de la prevalencia que está experimentando ha hecho que se la considere como una verdadera epidemia a nivel mundial, y especialmente en los países desarrollados. Por este motivo, la diabetes mellitus se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública a tener en cuenta, lo que justifica la necesidad de desarrollar técnicas de diagnóstico precoz y de establecer estrategias terapéuticas que contribuyan a frenar el progreso de la enfermedad, eviten la aparición de las complicaciones micro y macrovasculares y disminuyan la morbimortalidad de los pacientes diabéticos. La American Diabetes Association (ADA) y la European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) elaboraron conjuntamente una guía de recomendaciones para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. En esta guía se establece como fármaco de elección la metformina, siendo las sulfonilureas la principal alternativa en casos de intolerancia, contraindicación o mal control de la enfermedad. La gliclazida es una sulfonilurea que actúa estimulando la secreción pancreática de insulina. Su demostrada eficacia y seguridad, así como el papel que juega en la prevención de las complicaciones crónicas y en la progresión de la enfermedad, justifican la reciente decisión de la OMS de catalogar a la gliclazida como medicamento esencial en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Assessing the Validity of The Self Versus Other Interest Implicit Association Test

There is great variability in the ways that humans treat one another, ranging from extreme compassion (e.g., philanthropy, organ donation) to self-interested cruelty (e.g., theft, murder). What underlies and explains this variability? Past research has primarily examined human prosociality using explicit self-report scales, which are susceptible to self-presentation biases. However, these concerns can be alleviated with the use of implicit attitude tests that assess automatic associations. Here, we introduce and assess the validity of a new test of implicit prosociality–the Self versus Other Interest Implicit Association Test (SOI-IAT)–administered to two samples in pre-registered studies: regular blood donors (Study 1; N = 153) and a nationally representative sample of Americans (Study 2; N = 467). To assess validity, we investigated whether SOI-IAT scores were correlated with explicit measures of prosociality within each sample and compared SOI-IAT scores of the control sample (representative sample of Americans) with the prosocial sample (blood donors). While SOI-IAT scores were higher in the prosocial blood donor sample, SOI-IAT scores were generally uncorrelated with explicit measures and actual prosocial behaviour. Thus, the SOI-IAT may be able to detect group differences in everyday prosociality, but future testing is needed for a more robust validation of the SOI-IAT. These unexpected findings underscore the importance of sharing null and mixed results to fill gaps in the scientific record and highlight the challenges of conducting research on implicit processes

Making a Difference Matters: Impact Unlocks the Emotional Benefits of Prosocial Spending

When does giving lead to happiness? Here, we present two studies demonstrating that the emotional benefits of spending money on others (prosocial spending) are unleashed when givers are aware of their positive impact. In Study 1, an experiment using real charitable appeals, giving more money to charity led to higher levels of happiness only when participants gave to causes that explained how these funds are used to make a difference in the life of a recipient. In Study 2, participants were asked to reflect upon a time they spent money on themselves or on others in a way that either had a positive impact or had no impact. Participants who recalled a time they spent on others that had a positive impact were happiest. Together, these results suggest that highlighting the impact of prosocial spending can increase the emotional rewards of giving

Detection of poliovirus-infected macrophages in thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis

n/

Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: Doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not.

People often seek out information as a means of coping with challenging situations. Attuning to negative information can be adaptive because it alerts people to the risks in their environment, thereby preparing them for similar threats in the future. But is this behaviour adaptive during a pandemic when bad news is ubiquitous? We examine the emotional consequences of exposure to brief snippets of COVID-related news via a Twitter feed (Study 1), or a YouTube reaction video (Study 2). Compared to a no-information exposure group, consumption of just 2-4 minutes of COVID-related news led to immediate and significant reductions in positive affect (Studies 1 and 2) and optimism (Study 2). Exposure to COVID-related kind acts did not have the same negative consequences, suggesting that not all social media exposure is detrimental for well-being. We discuss strategies to counteract the negative emotional consequences of exposure to negative news on social media

Application d’une structure métamatériau sous forme triangulaire pour la réalisation de Filtres Coupe Bande

Dans ce papier, nous présentons deux filtres coupe bande obtenus grâce à l’application des split triangle resonators (STRs). C’est une nouvelle particule que nous avons proposée et qui présente un ε et μ simultanément négatifs dans la même bande de fréquence. Ainsi, nous appliquons le résonateur sur deux composants microonde afin d’évaluer son impact sur leurs performances. Le premier filtre est basé sur la technologie microruban avec des STRs imprimés sur la masse. Le second filtre est dans la même catégorie et à l’inverse du premier, les STRs sont imprimés sur la ligne conductrice. Le substrat utilisé est le FR4. Nous avons procédé à une étude par simulation et avons aussi réalisé et fait une étude expérimentale des deux filtres. Les résultats expérimentaux et par simulation donnent des résultats avec une bonne similitude

Giving Leads to Happiness in Young Children

Evolutionary models of cooperation require proximate mechanisms that sustain prosociality despite inherent costs to individuals. The “warm glow” that often follows prosocial acts could provide one such mechanism; if so, these emotional benefits may be observable very early in development. Consistent with this hypothesis, the present study finds that before the age of two, toddlers exhibit greater happiness when giving treats to others than receiving treats themselves. Further, children are happier after engaging in costly giving – forfeiting their own resources – than when giving the same treat at no cost. By documenting the emotionally rewarding properties of costly prosocial behavior among toddlers, this research provides initial support for the claim that experiencing positive emotions when giving to others is a proximate mechanism for human cooperation

It's the Recipient That Counts: Spending Money on Strong Social Ties Leads to Greater Happiness than Spending on Weak Social Ties

Previous research has shown that spending money on others (prosocial spending) increases happiness. But, do the happiness gains depend on who the money is spent on? Sociologists have distinguished between strong ties with close friends and family and weak ties—relationships characterized by less frequent contact, lower emotional intensity, and limited intimacy. We randomly assigned participants to reflect on a time when they spent money on either a strong social tie or a weak social tie. Participants reported higher levels of positive affect after recalling a time they spent on a strong tie versus a weak tie. The level of intimacy in the relationship was more important than the type of relationship; there was no significant difference in positive affect after recalling spending money on a family member instead of a friend. These results add to the growing literature examining the factors that moderate the link between prosocial behaviour and happiness

Phenotypic variation within European carriers of the Y-chromosomal gr/gr deletion is independent of Y-chromosomal background.

BackgroundPrevious studies have compared sperm phenotypes between men with partial [1] deletions within the AZFc region of the Y chromosome with non-carriers, with variable results. Here, we have investigated a separate question, the basis of the variation in sperm phenotype within gr/gr deletion carriers, which ranges from normozoospermia to azoospermia. Differences in the genes removed by independent gr/gr deletions, the occurrence of subsequent duplications or the presence of linked modifying variants elsewhere on the chromosome have been suggested as possible causal factors. We set out to test these possibilities in a large sample of gr/gr deletion carriers with known phenotypes spanning the complete range.ResultsWe assembled a collection of 169 men diagnosed with gr/gr deletions from six centres in Europe and one in Australia, and characterized the DAZ and CDY1 copies retained, the presence or absence of duplications and the Y-chromosomal haplogroup. Although our study had good power to detect factors that accounted for 655.5% of the variation in sperm concentration, no such factor was detected. A negative effect of gr/gr deletions followed by b2/b4 duplication was observed within the normospermic group, which remains to be further explored in a larger study population. Finally, we observed significant geographical differences in the frequency of different subtypes of gr/gr deletions which may have relevance for the interpretation of case control studies dealing with admixed populations.ConclusionsWe conclude that the phenotypic variation of gr/gr carriers in men of European origin is largely independent of the Y-chromosomal background