A Study of the Potential Need, Location, and Cost of an Addition to St. Joseph-Ogden High School

This study was conducted to address the problem of the growing student population and potential overcrowding of St. Joseph-Ogden High School. It examined the extent of need, best location, and estimated cost of an addition to the high school. The extent of need was established by determining the assignable space percentage, the functional capacity, and the future enrollment of the high school. The best location was established by determining educational, classroom, and square footage needs and then determining what available property would satisfy those needs. The construction cost was established by multiplying the total square footage of the proposed addition by $100 per square foot. Since the construction cost represents only 75Based on the enrollment projection of 530 students by the 2001-02 school year, the St. Joseph-Ogden High School board and administration strongly need to consider building an addition to the high school. Further, strong consideration should be given to building an addition with six classrooms, each measuring 1,000 square feet in size. Of the three locations that would accommodate an addition of six classrooms, the site to the south of the 1976 addition was determined to be the best choice. Although the construction of an addition with six classrooms could cost as much as$973,600, delaying a decision on building an addition could prove to be cost prohibitive as construction costs continue to rise. The employment of a professional architect and careful planning should help to control costs. Although this study was limited to St. Joseph-Ogden High School, it is hoped that other school districts facing similar situations of overcrowding would find this study useful. The formulae and procedures used to establish the extent of need, best location, and estimated cost of an addition to the high school should be applicable to personnel in other districts considering building additions to their schools. School boards and administrators of other districts should be able to make decisions concerning their own building projects using the information presented in this study

A Study of the Potential Need, Location, and Cost of an Addition to St. Joseph-Ogden High School

This study was conducted to address the problem of the growing student population and potential overcrowding of St. Joseph-Ogden High School. It examined the extent of need, best location, and estimated cost of an addition to the high school. The extent of need was established by determining the assignable space percentage, the functional capacity, and the future enrollment of the high school. The best location was established by determining educational, classroom, and square footage needs and then determining what available property would satisfy those needs. The construction cost was established by multiplying the total square footage of the proposed addition by $100 per square foot. Since the construction cost represents only 75Based on the enrollment projection of 530 students by the 2001-02 school year, the St. Joseph-Ogden High School board and administration strongly need to consider building an addition to the high school. Further, strong consideration should be given to building an addition with six classrooms, each measuring 1,000 square feet in size. Of the three locations that would accommodate an addition of six classrooms, the site to the south of the 1976 addition was determined to be the best choice. Although the construction of an addition with six classrooms could cost as much as$973,600, delaying a decision on building an addition could prove to be cost prohibitive as construction costs continue to rise. The employment of a professional architect and careful planning should help to control costs. Although this study was limited to St. Joseph-Ogden High School, it is hoped that other school districts facing similar situations of overcrowding would find this study useful. The formulae and procedures used to establish the extent of need, best location, and estimated cost of an addition to the high school should be applicable to personnel in other districts considering building additions to their schools. School boards and administrators of other districts should be able to make decisions concerning their own building projects using the information presented in this study

Enhancing face validity of mouse models of Alzheimer\u27s disease with natural genetic variation.

Classical laboratory strains show limited genetic diversity and do not harness natural genetic variation. Mouse models relevant to Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) have largely been developed using these classical laboratory strains, such as C57BL/6J (B6), and this has likely contributed to the failure of translation of findings from mice to the clinic. Therefore, here we test the potential for natural genetic variation to enhance the translatability of AD mouse models. Two widely used AD-relevant transgenes, APPswe and PS1de9 (APP/PS1), were backcrossed from B6 to three wild-derived strains CAST/EiJ, WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, representative of three Mus musculus subspecies. These new AD strains were characterized using metabolic, functional, neuropathological and transcriptional assays. Strain-, sex- and genotype-specific differences were observed in cognitive ability, neurodegeneration, plaque load, cerebrovascular health and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Analyses of brain transcriptional data showed strain was the greatest driver of variation. We identified significant variation in myeloid cell numbers in wild type mice of different strains as well as significant differences in plaque-associated myeloid responses in APP/PS1 mice between the strains. Collectively, these data support the use of wild-derived strains to better model the complexity of human AD

Enhancing face validity of mouse models of Alzheimer\u27s disease with natural genetic variation.

Classical laboratory strains show limited genetic diversity and do not harness natural genetic variation. Mouse models relevant to Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) have largely been developed using these classical laboratory strains, such as C57BL/6J (B6), and this has likely contributed to the failure of translation of findings from mice to the clinic. Therefore, here we test the potential for natural genetic variation to enhance the translatability of AD mouse models. Two widely used AD-relevant transgenes, APPswe and PS1de9 (APP/PS1), were backcrossed from B6 to three wild-derived strains CAST/EiJ, WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, representative of three Mus musculus subspecies. These new AD strains were characterized using metabolic, functional, neuropathological and transcriptional assays. Strain-, sex- and genotype-specific differences were observed in cognitive ability, neurodegeneration, plaque load, cerebrovascular health and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Analyses of brain transcriptional data showed strain was the greatest driver of variation. We identified significant variation in myeloid cell numbers in wild type mice of different strains as well as significant differences in plaque-associated myeloid responses in APP/PS1 mice between the strains. Collectively, these data support the use of wild-derived strains to better model the complexity of human AD

Voluntary stopping of eating and drinking in Switzerland from different points of view : protocol for a mixed-methods study

“To die with dignity” has reached the significance of a core value in democratic societies. Based on this unconditional value, people require autonomy and care. "Voluntary stopping of eating and drinking" (VSED) represents an alternative to assisted suicide because no one else is involved in the action of death fastening, even though from outside, it might be considered as an extreme form of passive euthanasia. However, there are no data available about the prevalence and frequency of either explicit VSED or the implicit reduction of food and liquid in Switzerland. The responsible and independent ethics committee of the Greater Region of Eastern Switzerland (EKOS 17/083) approved this study

The Vehicle, Spring 1983

Vol. 24, No. 2 Table of Contents A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H....Beth Kennypage 1 Contemporary IssuesBrook Wilsonpage 1 BlackJohn Stockmanpage 2 BeatGraham Lewispage 2 Catholic DazeSuzanne Hornpage 4 AfricaGraham Lewispage 5 The Friendly SkiesRajendra Sinhanpage 5 BreadKen Kempckepage 7 PhotographLinda Fraembspage 8 SnapshotMaggie Kennedypage 9 PoemAnne Smithpage 9 Activities on IceKerri Mahatpage 11 Beecham\u27s Orchard And VineyardBecky Lawsonpage 11 PoemKarri Mahatpage 12 Sneak PreviewsMaggie Kennedypage 12 ZooKen Kempckepage 12 PhotographNick Haskettpage 13 The Slave HouseCraig Barnespage 13 The Nomad Preacher\u27s SermonStacey Flanniganpage 16 Owl Creek RevisitedScott Graypage 16 Thought On CopperGraham Lewispage 20 OutfielderKen Kempckepage 20 HoneymoonJohn Stockmanpage 21 Candy Wrapper Dream GirlStacey Flanniganpage 21 PhotographLinda Fraembspage 22 October DreamMarlene Weekspage 23 IndistinctionStacey Flanniganpage 24 Taking InventorySara Farrispage 24 Flying In From K-Mart, NebraskaMichelle Mitchellpage 25 PhotographNick Haskettpage 26 Bone ChinaMichelle Mitchellpage 27 She Was A DollNick Haskettpage 30 The Seventh DayGeoffrey Andrespage 31 Blade Of Grass (On A Golf Course)Ken Kempckepage 31 PoemKen Kempckepage 32 Cigarette SmokeJean M. Davispage 33 Future LoveR. Lawsonpage 34 PhotographNick Haskettpage 35 Dancing In The StreetBetsy Acklinpage 35 PhotographLinda Fraembspage 38 CleoMarlene Weekspage 39 Teddy BearKen Kempckepage 39 PreludeBecky Lawsonpage 40https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1043/thumbnail.jp

The Origin of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in a Clonal Cell Population In Vitro

BACKGROUND: The spontaneous emergence of phenotypic heterogeneity in clonal populations of mammalian cells in vitro is a rule rather than an exception. We consider two simple, mutually non-exclusive models that explain the generation of diverse cell types in a homogeneous population. In the first model, the phenotypic switch is the consequence of extrinsic factors. Initially identical cells may become different because they encounter different local environments that induce adaptive responses. According to the second model, the phenotypic switch is intrinsic to the cells that may occur even in homogeneous environments. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We have investigated the “extrinsic” and the “intrinsic” mechanisms using computer simulations and experimentation. First, we simulated in silico the emergence of two cell types in a clonal cell population using a multiagent model. Both mechanisms produced stable phenotypic heterogeneity, but the distribution of the cell types was different. The “intrinsic” model predicted an even distribution of the rare phenotype cells, while in the “extrinsic” model these cells formed small clusters. The key predictions of the two models were confronted with the results obtained experimentally using a myogenic cell line. CONCLUSIONS: The observations emphasize the importance of the “ecological” context and suggest that, consistently with the “extrinsic” model, local stochastic interactions between phenotypically identical cells play a key role in the initiation of phenotypic switch. Nevertheless, the “intrinsic” model also shows some other aspects of reality: The phenotypic switch is not triggered exclusively by the local environmental variations, but also depends to some extent on the phenotypic intrinsic robustness of the cells

Quantifying Absolute Neutralization Titers against SARS-CoV-2 by a Standardized Virus Neutralization Assay Allows for CrossCohort Comparisons of COVID-19 Sera

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has mobilized efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics, including convalescent-phase plasma therapy, that inhibit viral entry by inducing or transferring neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (CoV2-S). However, rigorous efficacy testing requires extensive screening with live virus under onerous biosafety level 3 (BSL3) conditions, which limits high-throughput screening of patient and vaccine sera. Myriad BSL2-compatible surrogate virus neutralization assays (VNAs) have been developed to overcome this barrier. Yet, there is marked variability between VNAs and how their results are presented, making intergroup comparisons difficult. To address these limitations, we developed a standardized VNA using CoV2-S pseudotyped particles (CoV2pp) based on vesicular stomatitis virus bearing the Renilla luciferase gene in place of its G glyco-protein (VSVDG); this assay can be robustly produced at scale and generate accurate neutralizing titers within 18 h postinfection. Our standardized CoV2pp VNA showed a strong positive correlation with CoV2-S enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results and live-virus neutralizations in confirmed convalescent-patient sera. Three independent groups subsequently validated our standardized CoV2pp VNA (n . 120). Our data (i) show that absolute 50% inhibitory concentration (absIC50), absIC80, and absIC90 values can be legitimately compared across diverse cohorts, (ii) highlight the substantial but consistent variability in neutralization potency across these cohorts, and (iii) support the use of the absIC80 as a more meaningful metric for assessing the neutralization potency of a vaccine or convalescent-phase sera. Lastly, we used our CoV2pp in a screen to identify ultrapermissive 293T clones that stably express ACE2 or ACE2 plus TMPRSS2. When these are used in combination with our CoV2pp, we can produce CoV2pp sufficient for 150,000 standardized VNAs/week. IMPORTANCE Vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics like convalescent-phase plasma therapy are premised upon inducing or transferring neutralizing antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Virus neutralization assays (VNAs) for measuring neutralizing antibody titers (NATs) are an essential part of determining vaccine or therapeutic efficacy. However, such efficacy testing is limited by the inherent dangers of working with the live virus, which requires specialized high-level biocontainment facilities. We there-fore developed a standardized replication-defective pseudotyped particle system that mimics the entry of live SARS-CoV-2. This tool allows for the safe and efficient measurement of NATs, determination of other forms of entry inhibition, and thorough investigation of virus entry mechanisms. Four independent labs across the globe validated our standardized VNA using diverse cohorts. We argue that a standardized and scalable assay is necessary for meaningful comparisons of the myriad of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics becoming available. Our data provide generalizable metrics for assessing their efficacy.Fil: Oguntuyo, Kasopefoluwa. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Stevens, Christian S.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Hung, Chuan Tien. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Ikegame, Satoshi. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Acklin, Joshua A.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Kowdle, Shreyas S.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Carmichael, Jillian C.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Chiu, Hsin Ping. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Azarm, Kristopher D.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Haas, Griffin D.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Amanat, Fatima. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Klingler, Jéromine. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Baine, Ian. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Arinsburg, Suzanne. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Bandres, Juan C.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Siddiquey, Mohammed N. A.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Schilke, Robert M.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Woolard, Matthew D.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Zhang, Hongbo. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Duty, Andrew J.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Kraus, Thomas A.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Moran, Thomas M.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Tortorella, Domenico. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Lim, Jean K.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Gamarnik, Andrea Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Hioe, Catarina E.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Zolla Pazner, Susan. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Ivanov, Stanimir S.. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Kamil, Jeremy. State University of Louisiana; Estados UnidosFil: Krammer, Florian. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Lee, Benhur. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados UnidosFil: Ojeda, Diego Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; ArgentinaFil: González López Ledesma, María Mora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Costa Navarro, Guadalupe Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Pallarés, H. M.. No especifíca;Fil: Sanchez, Lautaro Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Perez, P.. No especifíca;Fil: Ostrowsk, M.. No especifíca;Fil: Villordo, S. M.. No especifíca;Fil: Alvarez, D. E.. No especifíca;Fil: Caramelo, J. J.. No especifíca;Fil: Carradori, J.. No especifíca;Fil: Yanovsky, M. J.. No especifíca