Some reflections on marriage and family in (post) modern social space

The article attempts to consider the issues of the position of marriage and family in the post-modern social space. Today's society is characterized by a hedonistic, consumerist lifestyle. Traditional values and religious worship are negated. Postmodernity develops the cult of individuality and presents man with an offer of multiplicity and various choices. The article presents issues related to the cult of individuality, and the topic of marriage and family, in the context of postmodern threats. In the first part of the article, the author deals with the subject of postmodern society and the problem of terminology. The second part of the article deals with the issue of individuality and family presence. In the third part, the author outlines some of the threats to marriage and family in relation to the teachings of Pope Francis

High-resolution temperature-dependent Brillouin scattering studies of ferroelectric K3Nb3O6(BO3)2

High-resolution micro-Brillouin scattering studies of K3Nb3O6(BO3)2, exhibiting superionic and ferroelectric properties, were performed in the temperature range of 300–870 K. Strong increase in damping of longitudinal and transverse acoustic phonons corresponding to the c33 and c44 elastic constants was observed above 650 K. This increase in damping was correlated with anomalous decrease in the c33 and c44 elastic constants and strong increase in central peak intensities. The observed behavior has been attributed to melting of the K+ sublattice as a result of the order-disorder phase transitions. The obtained results also revealed a critical slowing down of the E[double-prime]-symmetry relaxation mode near the phase transitions at 388 and 690 K as well as the broad A1[prime]-symmetry relaxation mode near the phase transition at 750 K. This behavior indicates that the relaxation modes play an important role in the mechanism of these phase transitions. In particular, this behavior suggests that the phase transition near 690 K is induced by instability of the E[double-prime]-symmetry relaxation mode

NMR and Raman Scattering Studies of Temperature- and Pressure-Driven Phase Transitions in CH3NH2NH2PbCl3 Perovskite

Three-dimensional methylhydrazinium (CH3NH2NH2+, MHy+) lead halides, related to the famous methylammonium (CH3NH3+, MA+) and formamidinium (CH(NH2)2+, FA) perovskites, are attractive optoelectronic materials crystallizing in polar structures. In this work, temperature-dependent 1H and 207Pb magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR, Raman as well as high-pressure Raman studies of CH3NH2NH2PbCl3 (MHyPbCl3) are reported. Raman spectroscopy reveals many similarities between phonon properties of MHy lead halides and the MA and FA analogues. In particular, these families of compounds show an increase in wavenumber of cage modes when large I- ions are replaced by smaller Br- and then Cl- ones. They also show strong sensitivity of the CH3 torsional mode on size of the cavity occupied by MHy+ cation that decreases with decreasing size of the halide anion. The cage modes of MHyPbCl3 are, however, observed at significantly lower wavenumbers than similar modes of MAPbCl3 and FAPbCl3, indicating higher softness of MHyPbCl3. Temperature-dependent Raman and NMR studies demonstrate that the MHy+ cations in MHyPbCl3 are significantly less affected by the temperature-induced phase transition than the Pb-Cl framework. This suggests a displacive type of the phase transition dominated by tilting and deformation of the PbCl6 octahedra. Analysis of the 207Pb MAS NMR spectra reveals the presence of two differently distorted PbCl6 octahedra and diminishing (increasing) distortion of the less (more) distorted octahedra in the high-temperature phase. Pressure-dependent Raman studies reveal the presence of a single first-order pressure-induced phase transition between 0.72 and 1.27 GPa. Analysis of the spectra indicates that the driving forces for the pressure-induced phase transition in MHyPbCl3 are tilting and distortion of the PbCl6 octahedra accompanied by reorientation of MHy+ cations. Raman spectra do not show evidence of any additional phase transition or amorphization up to 6.95 GPa

Temperature-dependent studies of the geometrically frustrated pyrochlores Ho2Ti2O7 and Dy2Ti2O7

A temperature-dependent Raman study of Ho2Ti2O7 and Dy2Ti2O7 single crystals was performed in the 5–873 K temperature range. Polarized spectra allowed us to establish the symmetries of the observed bands and revise the mode assignment made in previous works. Our studies revealed also two additional bands near 287 and 300 cm−1 for Dy2Ti2O7, which can be assigned to crystal field transitions in Dy3+ ions. Temperature dependent Raman studies showed large increase of linewidths. These changes have been analyzed in terms of strong third-order phonon-phonon anharmonic interactions. The Raman spectra also showed anomalous softening of the majority of phonon modes upon cooling in the whole temperature range studied. In contrast to this behavior, the F2g 310 cm−1 and Eg 330 cm−1 phonon modes showed hardening upon cooling down to about 100–120 K and then anomalous softening below this temperature. This anomalous behavior of phonon wave numbers has been attributed to the increase in octahedral distortion upon cooling

Dielectric relaxation behavior in antiferroelectric metal organic framework [(CH3)2NH2][FeIIIFeII(HCOO)6] single crystals

The fundamental aspects of the relaxation dynamics in niccolite-type, mixed valence metal–organic framework, multiferroic [(CH3)2NH2][Fe3+Fe2+(HCOO)6] single crystals have been reported using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy covering eight decades in frequency (10−2 ≤ f ≤ 106) in the temperature range 120 K ≤ T ≤ 250 K. The compound shows antiferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition near T = 154 K with the relaxor nature of electric ordering. The temperature dependent dielectric response in modulus representation indicates three relaxation processes within the experimental window. The variable range hopping model of small polarons explains the bulk non-Debye type conductivity relaxation. The fastest relaxation with activation energy Ea = 0.17 eV is related to progressive freezing of the reorientation motions of DMA+ cations. X-ray diffraction data revealed that complete freezing of orientational and translational motions of DMA+ cations occurs well below phase transition temperature. These experimental observations are fundamentally important for the theoretical explanation of relaxation dynamics in niccolite-type metal–organic frameworks

Dielectric relaxation and anhydrous proton conduction in [C2H5NH3][Na0.5Fe0.5(HCOO)3] metal-organic frameworks

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), in which metal clusters are coupled by organic moieties, exhibit inherent porosity and crystallinity. Although these systems have been examined for vast potential applications, the elementary proton conduction in anhydrous MOFs still remains elusive. One of the approaches to deal with this problem is the utilization of protic organic molecules, to be accommodated in the porous framework. In this work we report the temperature-dependent crystal structure and proton conduction in [C2H5NH3][Na0.5Fe0.5(HCOO)3] metal–organic frameworks using X-ray diffraction and broadband dielectric spectroscopic techniques. The detailed analysis of the crystal structure reveals disorder of the terminal ethylene groups in the polar phase (space group Pn). The structural phase transition from Pn to P21/n at T ≈ 363 K involves the distortion of the metal formate framework and ordering of EtA+ cations due to the reduction of the cell volume. The dielectric data have been presented in the dynamic window of permittivity formalism to understand the ferroelectric phase transition. The relaxation times have been estimated from the Kramers–Kronig transformation of the dielectric permittivity. A Grotthuss type mechanism of the proton conduction is possible at low temperatures with the activation energy of 0.23 eV. This type of experimental observation is expected to provide new prospective on the fundamental aspect of elementary proton transfer in anhydrous MOFs

Synthesis and down conversion emission property of Eu3+ doped LaAlO3 CsAlO2 and LiLaO2 phosphors

[EN] LaAlO3:Eu3+, CsAlO2:Eu3+ and LiLaO2:Eu3+ phosphors with varying concen- trations of Eu3+ from 3 to 10 mol% were prepared by combustion synthesis method and the samples were further heated to 1,000ºC to improve the crystallinity of the materials. The structure and morphology of materials have been examined by X-ray diffraction and scan- ning electron microscopy. SEM images depicted that the morphology of crystallites have no uniform shapes and sizes. Small and coagulated particles of irregular shapes of different sizes are obtained. The characteristic emissions of Eu3+ were clearly observed at nearly 580, 592, 650, 682 to 709 (multiplet structure) nm for 5D - 7 Fn transitions where n = 0, 1, 3, 4 respectively, including the strongest emission peaks at 614 and 620 nm for 5 D0 - 7 F2 transitions in CsAlO2:Eu3+ and LiLaO2:Eu3+ host lattices. The intensity of emission peak corresponding to 5 D0 !→ 7 F1 transitions in LaAlO3 :Eu3+ material is comparable to that of 5D0 5D-7F2 transitions which is also a singlet. Photoluminescence intensity follows the order as in LiLaO2 > LaAlO3 > CsAlO2 lattices. Remarkable high photoluminescence intensity with 7 mol% doping of Eu3+ in LiLaO2 makes it a strong contender for red colored display applications.This work was supported by the European Commission through Nano CIS project (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IRSES ref. 269279).Marí Soucase, B.; Singh, KC.; Moya Forero, MM.; Singh, I.; Om, H.; Chand, S. (2015). Synthesis and down conversion emission property of Eu3+ doped LaAlO3 CsAlO2 and LiLaO2 phosphors. Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47(7):1569-1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-014-9997-9S15691578477Abbattista, F., Vallino, M.: Remarks on the $$\text{La}_{2}\text{O}_{3}-\text{Li}_{2}\text{O}$$ La 2 O 3 - Li 2 O binary system between 750 and 1,000  $$^{\circ}$$ ∘ C. Ceram. 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Przepływy lotniczego transportu towarowego w Regionie Morza Bałtyckiego w latach 2005-2010

The paper reports an outlook on Baltic Sea Region air cargo flows during the five-year period of 2005-2010. With its annual total of 650 thousands of tonnes at the end of the period, Baltic Sea Region is insignificant in comparison to other main global players as Hong Kong (4 million tonnes) or Memphis, TN, USA (3.9 million tonnes). The most intensive external traffic was on both ways between Baltic Sea Region and United Kingdom, USA, UAE, China and Japan. The Baltic Sea Region internal traffic records of air cargo were especially elevated in the western part of the Baltic Sea Region between Sweden and Germany. One more significant outlier was clearly visible – transport from Turkey to Tallinn with is peak of 20 000 tonnes in 2008. Unfortunately, it was impossible to understand reasons of this phenomenon. Perhaps, if more detailed Russian Federation data was available, I could suggest some explanation. Access to Russian databases was unlikely possible even before 2014-2015 deterioration of the Russia-West relations. Deeper analysis of free public data is impossible and shortest flight paths to East Asia could be jeopardized.Artykuł przedstawia sytuację kierunków przepływów lotniczego transportu towarowego dotyczącego Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego (BSR). W świetle najświeższych danych z 2010 roku pozycja regionu nie jest znacząca (650 000 ton) na tle głównych globalnych centrów przeładunku air cargo takich jak Hong Kong (4 miliony ton) lub Memphis, TN, USA (3,9 milionów ton). W okresie 2005-2010, najbardziej intensywny ruch do jak i z Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego zanotowano na następujących kierunkach: USA, Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie, Chińska Republika Ludowa i Japonia. Dane dotyczące lotniczego transportu towarowego na krótkich odcinkach ujawniły ruch w zachodniej części regionu między Szwecją, a Niemcami. Wyraźnie widoczny był jeszcze jeden odstający i znaczący przypadek – transport z Turcji do Tallina mający swój szczyt w 2008 roku. Niestety nie udało się zrozumieć powodów tego fenomenu. Być może, gdyby były dostępne bardziej szczegółowe dane dotyczące Federacji Rosyjskiej, mógłbym zaproponować wyjaśnienie. Dostęp do rosyjskich baz danych był mało prawdopodobny nawet przed osłabieniem współpracy Zachodu i Rosji w latach 2014-2015. Głębsza analiza darmowych danych publicznych jest niemożliwa, a najkrótsze trasy lotu do Azji Wschodniej mogą być zagrożone