Money demand in Europe: Evidence from the past

The conditions under which European monetary policy is likely to be conducted are investigated by means of multi-variate time series modelling using aggregated data of all eleven European Monetary Union member states. A cointegration analysis identifies two stable long-run relationships, one of which can be interpreted as a money demand function and a second one as a long term real interest rate (Fisher parity). Particular emphasis is given both to the data sources and their aggregation, by providing a transparent account of our calculation procedure, which is not yet common in the existing literature.Die Bedingungen, die der europäische Geldpolitik zugrunde liegen dürften, werden anhand einer multivariaten Zeitreihenanalyse unter Verwendung der Daten aller elf an der Europäischen Währungsunion teilnehmenden Länder untersucht. Im Rahmen einer Kointegrationsanalyse eines Systems von fünf Variablen konnten zwei stabile Langfristbeziehungen identifiziert werden, von denen die eine als Geldnachfragefunktion interpretiert werden kann, während die andere dem langfristigen Realzins entspricht (Fisher-Parität). Ein spezielles Augenmerk wurde auf eine möglichst transparente Darstellung der Datenquellen als auch der Aggregationsmethoden gelegt, was in der gegenwärtigen Literatur noch nicht als Standard angesehen werden kann

Money demand in Europe: Evidence from the past

The conditions under which European monetary policy is likely to be conducted are investigated by means of multi-variate time series modelling using aggregated data of all eleven European Monetary Union member states. A cointegration analysis identifies two stable long-run relationships within a set of five key macroeconomic variables, one of which can be interpreted as a money demand function and a sec(md one as a long term real interest rate (Fisher parity). Our findings indicate that monetary authorities might well be able to base their policy on the existence of a money demand. Particular emphasis is given both to the data sources and their aggregation, by providing a transparent account of our calculation procedure, which is not yet common in the existing literature

3D correlative single-cell imaging utilizing fluorescence and refractive index tomography

Cells alter the path of light, a fact that leads to well-known aberrations in single cell or tissue imaging. Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) measures the biophysical property that causes these aberrations, the refractive index (RI). ODT is complementary to fluorescence imaging and does not require any markers. The present study introduces RI and fluorescence tomography with optofluidic rotation (RAFTOR) of suspended cells, quantifying the intracellular RI distribution and colocalizing it with fluorescence in 3D. The technique is validated with cell phantoms and used to confirm a lower nuclear RI for HL60 cells. Furthermore, the nuclear inversion of adult mouse photoreceptor cells is observed in the RI distribution. The applications shown confirm predictions of previous studies and illustrate the potential of RAFTOR to improve our understanding of cells and tissues.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Money Demand in Europe: Evidence from the Past

The conditions under which European monetary policy is likely to be conducted are investigated by means of multi-variate time series modelling using aggregated data of all eleven European Monetary Union member states. A cointegration analysis identifies two stable long-run relationships within a set of five key macroeconomic variables, one of which can be interpreted as a money demand function and a second one as a long term real interest rate (Fisher parity). Our findings indicate that monetary authorities might well be able to base their policy on the existence of a money demand. Particular emphasis is given both to the data sources and their aggregation, by providing a transparent account of our calculation procedure, which is not yet common in the existing literature.

KNEE JOINT LOADING IN GRADED WALKING AS A FUNCTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP FREQUENCY

The purpose of this study was to determine the knee joint loading during uphill and downhill walking as a function of step length and step frequency. Twelve subjects were filmed and their ground reaction forces measured during uphill and downhill walking on a ramp at 18" to the horizontal at step lengths of 46, 58 and 69 cm and step frequencies of 1.33, 1.67 and 2.00 Hz, respectively. 20 inverse dynamics were used to calculate knee joint forces, moments and power. In general, knee joint loading increases with both longer steps and higher step frequencies. Most of the differences are statistically significant. The results show that step length and step frequency affects knee joint loading significantly and substantially. Thus knee joint loading can be controlled by regulating these two parameters. This is important when trying to optimise the stimulation of knee joint structures

Field-configuring events: Arenas for innovation and learning?

Field-configuring events and their impact upon organizations, networks and organizational fields have become an important focal point for research. Since the coining of the term (Meyer, Gaba, and Colwell 2005; Lampel and Meyer 2008), the body of research on events such as trade fairs, conferences, or festivals has grown in different disciplinary contexts, particularly management and organization studies and economic geography. The general gist of these studies is that interactions at temporally and spatially bounded sites are marked by “predictable unpredictability” (Lampel 2011) and “allow disparate constituents to become aware of their common concerns, join together, share information, coordinate their actions, shape or subvert agendas, and mutually influence field structuration” (Anand and Jones 2008, 1037). Research on organized events more broadly has a longer tradition in the two disciplines. Previous work in management and organization studies has analyzed events such as board meetings, strategy meetings or committees on an organizational level as sites for strategy making (e.g. Jarzabkowski and Seidl 2008). On a field level, Rao (1994) has examined certification contests as a way of legitimization new organizational forms and Zilber (2007) studied conferences as occasions for making sense of disrupted industry. Research on creative industries has perceived events such as festivals or award ceremonies as sites for the negotiation of values (e.g. Moeran and Strandgaard Pedersen 2011). In economic geography, trade fairs have been conceptualized as temporary clusters (Maskell, Bathelt, and Malmberg 2006) and cyclical events (Power and Jansson 2008), playing an important role in structuring global business exchanges. This literature has elucidated that trade fairs not only afford opportunities for acquiring knowledge through face-to-face interaction, but also for obtaining information by observing and monitoring other participants (Bathelt and Schuldt 2010). Trade fairs, it is argued, create a dense ecology of information and communication flows that provides opportunities for the exploration of market trends and the generation and maintenance of networks (e.g. Schuldt and Bathelt 2011)

Aristoteles in Actie. Praktische wijsheid voor professionals in het onderwijs

De auteurs van Aristoteles in actie menen dat nog iets anders essentieel is voor de vorming van professionals: de notie van praktische wijsheid. Zij ontlenen dit begrip aan de Griekse filosoof Aristoteles (384-322 v.Chr.). Aan de hand van verhalen en casussen uit de onderwijspraktijk laten zij zien hoe praktische wijsheid het fundament vormt onder alle vaardigheden en competenties en hoe je studenten in het middelbaar en hoger beroepsonderwijs praktische wijsheid bijbrengt. Aristoteles in actie is samengesteld door Elke Müller. Het bevat bijdragen van Niek van Antwerpen, Gerben Bakker, Bert van den Bergh, Chris Detweiler, Juul Gooren, Henriëtta Joosten en Elke Müller. Het voorwoord is geschreven door Paul van Tongeren

Altersabhängige Merkmalsausprägung des Marfan-Syndroms im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Im Rahmen der Studie wurden 48 Patienten der Sprechstunde für klinische Genetik der Kinderklinik der FSU Jena bezüglich ihrer klinischen, radiologischen, kardiologischen und sonstigen Merkmale des Marfan-Syndroms näher betrachtet. Es zeigte sich, dass bei den 16 Patienten mit molekulargenetisch-gesichertem Marfan-Syndrom die Merkmale „positives Steinbergzeichen“, „Trichterbrust“, „überbewegliche Gelenke“ und „rezidivierende Hernien“ signifikant häufiger vorlagen als bei den 28 Verdachtspatienten. Insgesamt waren die Faktoren „Anzahl der klinischen Auffälligkeiten“, „Alter, in dem der marfanoide Habitus auffällig wurde“ und „positive Familienanamnese“ am ausschlaggebendsten für die Diagnosestellung. Die neuen Merkmale „lange, schmale Füße“ und Geburtslänge stellten sich als „neue“ klinische Zeichen heraus. Insgesamt bleibt das Marfan-Syndrom ein Krankheitsbild dessen Bild sich stetig wandelt und das den behandelnden Kliniker vor große Herausforderungen in der Patientenbetreuung stellt

Involvement of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of the American foulbrood of honey bees caused by Paenibacillus larvae

Covering: 2011 to end of 2014 The Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae (P. larvae) is the causative agent of the epizootic American Foulbrood (AFB), a fatal brood disease of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera). AFB is one of the most destructive honey bee diseases since it is not only lethal for infected larvae but also for the diseased colonies. Due to the high impact of honey bees on ecology and economy this epizootic is a severe and pressing problem. Knowledge about virulence mechanisms and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Recent genome sequencing of P. larvae revealed its potential to produce unknown secondary metabolites, like nonribosomal peptides and peptide-polyketide hybrids. This article highlights recent findings on secondary metabolites synthesized by P. larvae and discusses their role in virulence and pathogenicity towards the bee larvae