Abfallstoffe als Rohstoffquelle Gedanken zum Recycling und zum Rohstoffaustausch

Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Fragen der Verwertung von „Abfallstoffen". Es werden sowohl Abfallstoffe der Glasindustrie selbst behandelt, wie z. Β. Schleifstäube (Haldenmaterial) vom Polieren des Fourcault-Glases oder Unterkorn aus der Sandproduktion, Dolomit, als auch die Verwertung von Abfallstoffen aus anderen Industrien, wie z. B. die Filterinhalte der Elektrofilter von Kraftwerksanlagen, die Flugaschen. Es wird weiter berichtet über das Recycling entsprechender Materialien in der Glasindustrie und über ihre Verwertung außerhalb, z. B. in der Baustoffindustrie. Schließlich wird noch kurz eingegangen auf die Aufbereitung von Haldentonen und Abraumkaolinen, um die Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, durch Aufbereitung bislang als weniger wertvoll angesehener Rohstoffe Wertminerale zu produzieren. Vielen vorgestellten Verwertungsmöglichkeiten gemeinsam ist die vorausgehende Pelletierung des Materials

Memory effects of raw materials in glass melts Raman spectroscopy investigations of glass defects

The present work is based on investigations of aluminum oxide containing lead glasses. The aim was to decrease the costs in the production of lead glass by addition of alkalis other than potassium and soda. Feldspar and nepheline from different sources were employed. During the melting process inhomogeneities, cords, knots and blisters arise the origin of which could be detected by means of Raman spectroscopic measurement on the glasses. This could be achieved also for very tiny inclusions, where other methods such as light microscopy fall. Only results which can be generalized are considered in this work. Raman spectroscopy has proven to be an excellent method to determine the contents of gas bubbles by means of the rotational spectra of the gases or espectively to trace structural changes back from the mineral to the homogeneous glass via the vibrational spectra of the solids. Thus, the development within a cord can be demonstrated and the origin of knots can be explained. The use of this method in explaining defects, taking aluminum oxide containing lead glasses as an example, is presented by various investigations. The structural inhomogeneities in the glasses may be traced back to their origins. i.e., the glasses "have a memory" of their raw materials

Comparative studies of the corrosion and long-term stability of vitrified e-filter dust from waste incinerators, granules from hightemperature waste incineration plants and a model glass

The objective of this study was to describe the corrosion behaviour of vitrified residues of municipal waste incinerators by using standardized short-term and long-term leaching and corrosion test methods. The results for the vitrified product were compared to the results for granules from high-temperature waste incineration plants and a model glass. The test methods used in this work are, on the one hand, a German and a Swiss test [1 and 2] to describe the possibility for the disposal of waste and, on the other hand, test methods [3 and 4] to characterize the corrosion behaviour of glass products. The results according to the different methods and their changing test parameters like temperature, corrosion time and leaching Solution are presented

Frost resistance assessment for roof ceramic tile/Über die bestimmung der frostbeständigkeit keramischer dachziegel und ziegel

Up today in Europe there is no unanimous opinion which method is necessary for a correct assessment of roof ceramic tile frost resistance corresponding to the climatic conditions of application. Even the latest EU standards offer four methods of the assessment of the frost resistance for roof ceramic tile. Those standards refer to investigations carried out in various West Europe countries. Aluminosilicate laboratories of Vilnius Pedagogical University by cooperating with Erlangen-Nurenberg University and Riga Technical University have carried out investigation of roof ceramic tile frost resistance by applying two different methods (three-side and one-side freezing-thawing). Besides, deformations under one-side freezing-thawing and others physical-mechanical indices of the ceramic tile were investigated. Referring to the results of investigation of tiles manufactured by CO Lode (Latvia) and CO “Palemono keramika” (Lithuania), we have proved that three-side freezing-thawing method is erroneous for estimating frost resistance of the roof ceramic tile. Research of frost resistance of roof tile and brick is carried out at three research institutes. Tiles were tested using one-side and three-side (volume) freezing. In addition, rapid frost resistance evaluation method was determined using deformation measurement under cyclic frost-thawing process, textures and water adsorption, saturation coefficient under boiling conditions or vacuum environment of the samples tested. One-side freezing-thawing method using water or artificial rain for thawing of samples was determined as the mostly suitable testing method. Distribution of sizes of pores and capillars was determined as not tightly bound. The equations 2 and 4 indicate the possibility to forecast frost resistance of roof tile by two physical parameters: deformation size and water coefficient saturation in vacuum. Frost resistance of solid brick in one-sided freezing-method corresponds to the service conditions in brick walls better than for roof tile. Rapid forecast of frost resistance of solid brick is possible by the use of four physical parameters according to equation 5. Apie keraminių čerpių ir plytų atsparumo šalčiui nustatymą Santrauka Iki šiol nei Vakarų, nei Rytų Europoje dar nėra bendro požiūrio į čerpių, o iš dalies ir į plytų atsparumo šalčiui nustatymo būdą jis nepažengė toliau už Europos standarto projeką. Jame siūlomi net keturi variantai, kaip nustatyti čerpių atsparumą šalčiui. Tačiau vis labiau linkstama čerpių atsparumą šalčiui nustatyti jas šaldant iš vienos pusės. Iš greitų keraminių dirbinių atsparumo šalčiui prognozavimo metodų dažnai orientuojamasi į tuos, kai nustatomos pavienės čerpių fizikinės savybės: vandens įmirkis, įsotinimo koeficientas, porų ir kapiliarų pasiskirstymas medžiagoje pagal jų dydį ir kai kurie kiti rodikliai. Tačiau tai netenkina nei mokslininkų nei statybininkų praktikų. Todėl aktualu toliau tirti atsparumo šalčiui vertinimo kriterijus. Trijuose institutuose ištirtos dviejų AB čerpių bei vienos AB pilnavidurių gerai išdegtų plytų atsparumas šalčiui. Nustatyta, kad vienpusis šaldymo ir atitirpinimo metodas artimesnis čerpių o ypač plytų, eksploatacinėms sąlygoms (tūrinio šaldymo atžvilgiu). Atsparumo šalčiui neįmanoma prognozuoti pagal kurį nors vieną šukės fizikinį rodiklį (pvz., pagal porų pasiskirstymo pagal dydį duomenis). Geriau tinka prognozė pagal kelis fizikinius keraminių dirbinių savybių rodiklius. First Published Online: 26 Jul 201