VANET Applications: Hot Use Cases

Current challenges of car manufacturers are to make roads safe, to achieve free flowing traffic with few congestions, and to reduce pollution by an effective fuel use. To reach these goals, many improvements are performed in-car, but more and more approaches rely on connected cars with communication capabilities between cars, with an infrastructure, or with IoT devices. Monitoring and coordinating vehicles allow then to compute intelligent ways of transportation. Connected cars have introduced a new way of thinking cars - not only as a mean for a driver to go from A to B, but as smart cars - a user extension like the smartphone today. In this report, we introduce concepts and specific vocabulary in order to classify current innovations or ideas on the emerging topic of smart car. We present a graphical categorization showing this evolution in function of the societal evolution. Different perspectives are adopted: a vehicle-centric view, a vehicle-network view, and a user-centric view; described by simple and complex use-cases and illustrated by a list of emerging and current projects from the academic and industrial worlds. We identified an empty space in innovation between the user and his car: paradoxically even if they are both in interaction, they are separated through different application uses. Future challenge is to interlace social concerns of the user within an intelligent and efficient driving

Noninvasive population genetics: a review of sample source, diet, fragment length and microsatellite motif effects on amplification success and genotyping error rates

Noninvasive population genetics has found many applications in ecology and conservation biology. However, the technical difficulties inherent to the analysis of low quantities of DNA generally tend to limit the efficiency of this approach. The nature of samples and loci used in noninvasive population genetics are important factors that may help increasing the potential success of case studies. Here we reviewed the effects of the source of DNA (hair vs. faeces), the diet of focal species, the length of mitochondrial DNA fragments, and the length and repeat motif of nuclear microsatellite loci on genotyping success (amplification success and rate of allelic dropout). Locus-specific effects appeared to have the greatest impact, amplification success decreasing with both mitochondrial and microsatellite fragments' length, while error rates increase with amplicons' length. Dinucleotides showed best amplification success and lower error rates compared to longer repeat units. Genotyping success did not differ between hair- versus faeces-extracted DNA, and success in faeces-based analyses was not consistently influenced by the diet of focal species. While the great remaining variability among studies implies that other unidentified parameters are acting, results show that the careful choice of genetic markers may allow optimizing the success of noninvasive approache

Real scenario and simulations on GLOSA traffic light system for reduced CO2 emissions, waiting time and travel time

Cooperative ITS is enabling vehicles to communicate with the infrastructure to provide improvements in traffic control. A promising approach consists in anticipating the road profile and the upcoming dynamic events like traffic lights. This topic has been addressed in the French public project Co-Drive through functions developed by Valeo named Green Light Optimal Speed Advisor (GLOSA). The system advises the optimal speed to pass the next traffic light without stopping. This paper presents results of its performance in different scenarios through simulations and real driving measurements. A scaling is done in an urban area, with different penetration rates in vehicle and infrastructure equipment for vehicular communication. Our simulation results indicate that GLOSA can reduce CO2 emissions, waiting time and travel time, both in experimental conditions and in real traffic conditions.Comment: in 22nd ITS World Congress, Oct 2015, Bordeaux, France. 201

Formation initiale et modèles d’enseignement de nouveaux enseignants au collégial

formation des enseignants, modèles d’enseignement, pédagogies actives, pratiques enseignante

On the Importance of Real Data for Microscopic Urban Vehicular Mobility Trace

International audienceVehicular networks reflect user mobility behavior and present complex microscopic and macroscopic mobility patterns. Microscopic mobility is often simplified in macroscopic systems and we argue that its impact is too largely neglected. Notwithstanding improvements in realistically modeling and predicting mobility, few vehicular traces-especially complex microscopic ones-are available to validate such models. In this paper, we present a realistic synthetic dataset of vehicular mobility over two daily traffic peaks in a small area: the Europarc roundabout in the town of Creteil, France. We outline how the description and comprehensive representation of local mobility at an intersection, such as the roundabout chosen here, is important for any interpretation made of it

Efficient Vehicular Crowdsourcing Models in VANET for Disaster Management

International audienceRoute planning in a vehicular network is a well known problem. Static solutions for finding a shortest path have proven their efficiency, however in a dynamic network such as a vehicular network, they are confronted to dynamic costs (travel time, consumption, waiting time, ...) and time constraints (traffic peaks, ghost traffic jam, accidents ...). This is a practical problem faced by several services providers on traffic information who want to offer a realistic computation of a shortest path. This paper propose a model based on the communication between vehicles (Vehicle to Vehicle: V2V) to reduce the time spend by travels taking into account the travel time registered and exchanged between vehicles in real time. In our model, vehicles act as ants and they choose their itineraries thanks to a pheromone map affected by the phenomenon of evaporation. The presented algorithms are evaluated in real world traffic networks and by modeling and simulating extreme cases such as accidents, act of terrorism and disasters

Resilient, Decentralized V2V Online Stop-Free Strategy in a Complex Roundabout

International audienceRoad intersections are considered to be bottlenecks for urban transportation whose impacts are longer travel times and wasted human resources. In this paper we focus on vehicle to vehicle communications (V2V) that allow exchanging data between vehicles. Considering that vehicles are controlled by drivers (not autonomous), we do not pretend to take control of them, nor is the goal to avoid collision or improve safety, as is often done elsewhere. By eliminating the potential overlaps of vehicular trajectories coming from all opposing directions at an intersection, our aim is to demonstrate the potential of communication between vehicles in a complex roundabout and test the connexion strength of that network. We test it on a synthetic trace that reproduces a real traffic flow at a roundabout in Creteil (France)

Optical microcavity with semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes

We report studies of optical Fabry-Perot microcavities based on semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes with a quality factor of 160. We experimentally demonstrate a huge photoluminescence signal enhancement by a factor of 30 in comparison with the identical film and by a factor of 180 if compared with a thin film containing non-purified (8,7) nanotubes. Futhermore, the spectral full-width at half-maximum of the photo-induced emission is reduced down to 8 nm with very good directivity at a wavelength of about 1.3 $\mu$m. Such results prove the great potential of carbon nanotubes for photonic applications

Partial and Local Knowledge for Global Efficiency of Urban Vehicular Traffic

International audienceIntelligent transportation systems that distribute information between roadside infrastructures and vehicles are one of the most promising solutions to the problem of traffic congestion. When most existing ITS solutions are centralized and information-complete, we propose PDLAIS-a Partial, Decentralized and Locally Autonomous Strategy, tested with an application called Smooth Way, allowing drivers to customize and improve their travel time and/or fuel consumption when traveling. Our study shows that, with only 2% of independently equipped intersections, a global improvement in the fuel consumption induces a reduction of 10% of the total travel time and 25% of the global waiting time. Local decisions with pertinent partial knowledge of the network are still 5 − 7% close to the performance of a centralized solution

How Ebola Impacts Genetics of Western Lowland Gorilla Populations

12 pagesInternational audienceBackground: Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife are major threats for both human health and biodiversity conservation. Infectious diseases can have serious consequences for the genetic diversity of populations, which could enhance the species' extinction probability. The Ebola epizootic in western and central Africa induced more than 90% mortality in Western lowland gorilla population. Although mortality rates are very high, the impacts of Ebola on genetic diversity of Western lowland gorilla have never been assessed. Methodology/Principal Findings: We carried out long term studies of three populations of Western lowland gorilla in the Republic of the Congo (Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Lossi gorilla sanctuary both affected by Ebola and Lossi's periphery not affected). Using 17 microsatellite loci, we compared genetic diversity and structure of the populations and estimate their effective size before and after Ebola outbreaks. Despite the effective size decline in both populations, we did not detect loss in genetic diversity after the epizootic. We revealed temporal changes in allele frequencies in the smallest population. Conclusions/Significance: Immigration and short time elapsed since outbreaks could explain the conservation of genetic diversity after the demographic crash. Temporal changes in allele frequencies could not be explained by genetic drift or random sampling. Immigration from genetically differentiated populations and a non random mortality induced by Ebola, i.e., selective pressure and cost of sociality, are alternative hypotheses. Understanding the influence of Ebola on gorilla genetic dynamics is of paramount importance for human health, primate evolution and conservation biology