Soil carbon stock increases in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged stands

Changes in the soil carbon stock can potentially have a large influence on global carbon balance between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere. Since carbon sequestration of forest soils is influenced by human activities, reporting of the soil carbon pool is a compulsory part of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories. Various soil carbon models are applied in GHG inventories, however, the verification of model-based estimates is lacking. In general, the soil carbon models predict accumulation of soil carbon in the middle-aged stands, which is in good agreement with chronosequence studies and flux measurements of eddy sites, but they have not been widely tested with repeated measurements of permanent plots. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon changes in the organic layer of boreal middle-aged forest stands. Soil carbon changes on re-measured sites were analyzed by using soil survey data that was based on composite samples as a first measurement and by taking into account spatial variation on the basis of the second measurement. By utilizing earlier soil surveys, a long sampling interval, which helps detection of slow changes, could be readily available. <br><br> The range of measured change in the soil organic layer varied from −260 to 1260 g m<sup>−2</sup> over the study period of 16–19 years and 23 ± 2 g m<sup>−2</sup> per year, on average. The increase was significant in 6 out of the 38 plots from which data were available. Although the soil carbon change was difficult to detect at the plot scale, the overall increase measured across the middle-aged stands agrees with predictions of the commonly applied soil models. Further verification of the soil models is needed with larger datasets that cover wider geographical area and represent all age classes, especially young stands with potentially large soil carbon source

Musiikin harrastamisen ja rumpujen soiton yhteys nuoren sosiaaliseen kehitykseen

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatin tutkielman tavoitteena on yhdistää musiikkiharrastus ja erityisesti rumpujen soiton harrastaminen nuorten sosiaaliseen kehitykseen. Aikaisempaa tutkimusta tästä aiheesta ei löydy, mikä toimi yhtenä syynä tutkimuksen taustalla, henkilökohtaisen mielenkiinnon lisäksi. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin kvalitatiivista eli kuvailevaa kirjallisuuskatsausta, jossa yhdistetään aikaisempaa aineistoa yhdeksi kokonaisuudeksi. Tämä metodi tarjosi joustavuutta tutkimuksen tekemiselle. Nuoren kehitykseen kuuluu paljon erilaisia muutoksia omassa kehossa ja sosiaalisissa suhteissa. Nuoren täytyy oppia johtamaan itseään sosiaalisesti ja kehollisesti. Myös itsesäätelyn ja impulssikontrollin oppiminen erilaisin keinoin, kuten harrastuksien avulla, on tärkeää. Nuorten on huomattu käyttävän musiikkia eri muodoissa, kuten tunteiden säätelijänä ja viihdykkeenä. Musiikki itsessään aktivoi ihmisellä laajasti eri aivojen osia, jotka hallitsevat esimerkiksi kognitiivisia, motorisia ja limbisiä alueita. Musiikin on huomattu vaikuttavan myös esimerkiksi tarkkaavaisuuden kautta oppimiseen, autonomiseen hermostoon, immuunijärjestelmään, hormonitoimintaan ja aineenvaihduntaan. Musiikkiharrastus tuo mukanaan erilaisia taitoja, jotka auttavat nuorta selviämään sosiaalisista tilanteista, kasvattamaan ryhmätyöskentelytaitoja ja vahvistaman sinnikkyyttä sekä kärsivällisyyttä. Musiikkiharrastus voi kehittää niitä taitoja harjoittelun toistojen takia, jotka voivat heijastua muilla alueilla, kuten kouluarvosanoihin. Rumpujen soitto harrastuksena kehittää ihmisen motorisia sekä hienomotorisia taitoja. Rumpuja soittaessa jokainen raaja on aktiivinen ja liikkuu eri tahtiin ylhäältä alas ja oikealta vasemmalle. Soittoasento itsessään vaatii hyvää kehonhallintaa ja tasapainoa, joiden on huomattu vaikuttavan positiivisesti minäkuvaan. Rumpujen soittoa on verrattu myös urheilusuorituksiin, jonka kautta niiden soittamiseen voidaan mahdollisesti liittää liikunnan hyötyjä. Musiikkiharrastuksessa ja rumpujen soitossa on paljon erilaisia fysiologisia ja psyykkisiä hyötyjä, joita voidaan heijastaa nuorten kehitykseen

Fluorescence measurements show stronger cold inhibition of photosynthetic light reactions in Scots pine compared to Norway spruce as well as during spring compared to autumn

We studied the photosynthetic activity of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) in relation to air temperature changes from March 2013 to February 2014. We measured the chlorophyll fluorescence of approximately 50 trees of each species growing in southern Finland. Fluorescence was measured 13 times per week. We began by measuring shoots present in late winter (i.e., March 2013) before including new shoots once they started to elongate in spring. By July, when the spring shoots had achieved similar fluorescence levels to the older ones, we proceeded to measure the new shoots only.We analysed the data by fitting a sigmoidal model containing four parameters to link sliding averages of temperature and fluorescence. A parameter defining the temperature range over which predicted fluorescence increased most rapidly was the most informative with in describing temperature dependence of fluorescence.The model generated similar fluorescence patterns for both species, but differences were observed for critical temperature and needle age. Down regulation of the light reaction was stronger in spring than in autumn. Pine showed more conservative control of the photosynthetic light reactions, which were activated later in spring and more readily attenuated in autumn. Under the assumption of a close correlation of fluorescence and photosynthesis, spruce should therefore benefit more than pine from the increased photosynthetic potential during warmer springs, but be more likely to suffer frost damage with a sudden cooling following a warm period. The winter of 20132014 was unusually mild and similar to future conditions predicted by global warming models. During the mild winter, the activity of photosynthetic light reactions of both conifers, especially spruce, remained high. Because light levels during winter are too low for photosynthesis, this activity may translate to a net carbon loss due to respiration

Soil carbon monitoring using surveys and modelling. General description and application in the United Republic of Tanzania

This publication describes the application of survey- and modelling-based methods for monitoring soil organic carbon stock and its changes on a national scale. The report presents i) a design of the first inventory of soil organic carbon, including discussion on factors that affect the reliability of carbon stock estimates; and ii) a design of a modelling-based approach, including links to national forest inventory data and discussion on alternative soil organic carbon models. Both approaches can provide necessary information on soil carbon changes for a national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. Forest soils constitute a large pool of carbon and releases of carbon from this pool, caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and forest degradation, may significantly increase the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere. Therefore, estimating and reducing emissions from these activities have become timely issues. Currently, reliable estimates of soil organic carbon stock and stock changes are needed for REDO (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries) and GHG reporting under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The document is available in print formMinistry for foreign affairs of Finlan

Technical Note: Multispectral lidar time series of pine canopy chlorophyll content

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Individual tree biomass equations or biomass expansion factors for assessment of carbon stock changes in living biomass - A comparative study

AbstractSignatory countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its supplementary Kyoto Protocol (KP) are obliged to report greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Changes in the carbon stock of living biomass should be reported using either the default or stock change methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) under the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector. Traditionally, volume estimates are used as a forestry measures. Changes in living biomass may be assessed by first estimating the change in the volume of stem wood and then converting this volume to whole tree biomass using biomass expansion factors (BEFs). However, this conversion is often non-trivial because the proportion of stem wood increases with tree size at the expense of branches, foliage, stump and roots. Therefore, BEFs typically vary over time and their use may result in biased estimates. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences between biomass estimates obtained using biomass equations and BEFs with particular focus on uncertainty analysis. Assuming that the development of tree fractions in different ways can be handled by individual biomass equations, BEFs for standing stock were shown to overestimate the biomass sink capacity (Sweden). Although estimates for BEFs derived for changes in stock were found to be unbiased, the estimated BEFs varied substantially over time (0.85–1.22ton CO2/m3). However, to some extent this variation may be due to random sampling errors rather than actual changes. The highest accuracy was obtained for estimates based on biomass equations for different tree fractions, applied to data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory using a permanent sample design (estimated change in stock 1990–2005: 420million tons CO2, with a standard error amounting to 26.7million tons CO2) Many countries have adopted such a design combined with the stock change method for reporting carbon stock changes under the UNFCCC/KP

Forest soil carbon stock estimates in a nationwide inventory: evaluating performance of the ROMULv and Yasso07 models in Finland

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