Personal protective equipment: Analysis of supply among midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Objective: To report the details of provision of personal protective equipment to midwives during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru Methods: This is a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study. An online survey of 679 midwives working at public healthcare centres was conducted via questionnaires. The following aspects were outlined: method of supply and frequency of delivery of personal protective equipment, type of personal protective equipment provided by the institution, and self-purchase. Furthermore, features of the midwives’ workplace were described. For statistical analysis, absolute frequencies and relative proportions were used for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation were used for numerical variables. Measurements and findings: The most important finding of this study is that a large proportion of midwives (66.6%) did not receive new personal protective equipment for each shift; 41.9% of midwives who received personal protective equipment during each shift exclusively provided services in the COVID-19 ward, whereas 27.6% did not. The least received supplies were of N95 respirator masks (41.7%) and disposable isolation suit gown (50.5%). Only a certain proportion of midwives (38.6%) were trained by their own institutions on the use of personal protective equipment. Key conclusions: The provision of personal protective equipment to midwives and training on personal protective equipment were insufficient at all workplaces. Therefore, measures must be taken to increase the supply of this material to midwives who are essential workers in reproductive health

Paradigmatic de novo GRIN1 variants recapitulate pathophysiological mechanisms underlying GRIN1-related disorder clinical spectrum

Background: GRIN-related disorders (GRD), the so-called grinpathies, is a group of rare encephalopathies caused by mutations affecting GRIN genes (mostly GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes), which encode for the GluN subunit of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) type ionotropic glutamate receptors. A growing number of functional studies indicate that GRIN-encoded GluN1 subunit disturbances can be dichotomically classified into gain- and loss-of-function, although intermediate complex scenarios are often present. Methods: In this study, we aimed to delineate the structural and functional alterations of GRIN1 disease-associated variants, and their correlations with clinical symptoms in a Spanish cohort of 15 paediatric encephalopathy patients harbouring these variants. Results: Patients harbouring GRIN1 disease-associated variants have been clinically deeplyphenotyped. Further, using computational and in vitro approaches, we identified different critical checkpoints affecting GluN1 biogenesis (protein stability, subunit assembly and surface trafficking) and/or NMDAR biophysical properties, and their association with GRD clinical symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings show a strong correlation between GRIN1 variants-associated structural and functional outcomes. This structural-functional stratification provides relevant insights of genotypephenotype association, contributing to future precision medicine of GRIN1-related encephalo

Brand image, brand communication, brand attachment and product irreplaceability in relation to brand loyalty in the home telephony category.

En un entorno de pandemia, a causa del covid-19, consideramos necesario determinar la relación entre las variables con los servicios de telecomunicaciones, en especial los servicios de telefonía hogar. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar la cercanía del brand image, brand communication, brand attachment y product irreplaceability en relación al brand loyalty en la categoría de telefonía hogar. La investigación será de tipo cuantitativo, con un alcance correlacional y transversal. Las respuestas estarán en una escala de likert del 1 al 7, y en cuanto a la determinación del instrumento se ha considerado que será adaptación. Asimismo, el análisis será por medio de ecuaciones estructurales y el software será PLS. Para este efecto se trabajará con una muestra de 400 personas entre hombres y mujeres que utilicen algún servicio de telefonía hogar.Due to the Covid-19 virus, we consider it necessary to determinate the relationship between variables with telecommunication services, especially home services. The goal of the following research is to identify the resemblance between the brand image, brand communication, brand attachment, and product irreplaceability with brand loyalty in the home services category. The answers will be on a likert scale from 1 to 7, and as for the determination of the instrument, it has been considered that it will be an adaptation. Likewise, the analysis will be through structural equations and the software will be PLS. This research will have a quantitative type, with a correlational and transversal reach. To achieve this research, we will be needing 400 people between men and women that use a home phone service.Trabajo de investigació

Precision of subnational forest AGB estimates within the Peruvian Amazonia using a global biomass map

National forest inventories (NFI) provide essential forest-related biomass and carbon information for country greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting systems. Several tropical countries struggle to execute their NFIs while the extent to which space-based global information on aboveground biomass (AGB) can support national GHG accounting is under investigation. We assess whether the use of a global AGB map as auxiliary information produces a gain in precision of subnational AGB estimates for the Peruvian Amazonia. We used model-assisted estimators with data from the country’s NFI and explored hybrid inferential techniques to account for the sources of uncertainty associated with the integration of remote sensing-based products and NFI plot data.Our results show that the selected global biomass map tends to overestimate AGB values across the Peruvian Amazonia. For most strata, directly using the map in its published form did not reduce the precision of AGB estimates. However, after calibrating the map using the NFI data, the precision of our map-assisted AGB estimates increased by up to 50% at stratum level and 20% at Amazonia level. We further demonstrate how different sources of uncertainties can be incorporated in the map-NFI integrated estimates. With the hybrid inferential analysis, we found that the small spatial support of the NFI plots compared to the remote sensing-based sample units of aggregated pixels (within block variability) contributed the most to the total uncertainty associated with the AGB estimates from our map-NFI integration. Uncertainties caused by measurement variability and allometric model prediction uncertainty were the second largest contributors. When these uncertainties were incorporated, the increase in precision of our calibrated map-assisted AGB estimates was negligible, probably hindered by the great contribution of the within block variability to our map-plot assessment. We developed a reproducible method that countries can build upon and further improve while the global biomass products continue to evolve and better characterize the AGB distribution under large biomass conditions. We encourage further cross-country case studies that reflect a wider range of AGB distributions, especially within humid tropical forests, to further assess the contribution of global biomass maps to (sub)national AGB estimates and finally GHG monitoring and reporting

Prevalence and geographic distribution of the wolf-hirschhorn syndrome in Spain

Referencias bibliográficas: • Battaglia A, Filippi T, Carey JC. Update on the clinical features and natural history of Wolf-Hirschhorn (4p-) syndrome: experience with 87 patients and recommendations for routine health supervision. Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet. 2008; 148C: 246-251. • Battaglia A, Carey JC, South ST. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: A review and update. Am. J. Med. Genet. Part. C Semin. Med. Genet. 2015; 169: 216–223. • Nevado J, Ho KS, Zollino M, Blanco R, Cobaleda C, Golzio C, Beaudry-Bellefeuille I, Berrocoso S, Limeres J, Barrúz P, Serrano-Martín C, Cafiero C, Málaga I, Marangi G, Campos-Sánchez E, Moriyón-Iglesias T, Márquez S, Markham L, Twede H, Lortz A, Olson L, Sheng X, Weng C, Wassman ER III, Newcomb T, Wassman ER, Carey JC, Battaglia A, López-Granados E, Wolf-Hirschhorn Spain’s Working Group, Douglas D, Lapunzina P. International meeting on Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: Update on the nosology and new insights on the pathogenic mechanisms for seizures and growth delay. Proc. Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A. 2020; 182: 257–267. • Battaglia A, Carey JC. The delineation of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome over six decades: Illustration of the ongoing advances in phenotype analysis and cytogenomic technology. Am J Med Genet A. 2021;185(9):2748-2755. • South ST, Whitby H, Battaglia A, Carey JC, Broth-man AR. Comprehensive analysis of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome using array CGH indicates a high prevalence of translocations. European Journal of Human Genetics.2008; 16: 45–52. • Blanco-Lago R, Malaga-Dieguez I, Granizo-Martinez JJ, Carrera-Garcia L, Barruz-Galian P, Lapunzina P, Nevado-Blanco J, En Representacion Del Grupo Colaborativo Para El Estudio Del Sindrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn ERDGCPEEDSW. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Description of a Spanish cohort of 51 cases and a literature review. Rev Neurol. 2017 May 1;64(9):393-400.PMID: 28444681 • Limeres J, Serrano C, De Nova JM, Silvestre-Rangil J, Machuca G, Maura I, Cruz Ruiz-Villandiego J, Diz P, Blanco-Lago R, Nevado J, Diniz-Freitas M. Oral Manifestations of Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Genotype-Phenotype Correlation Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2020; 9(11): 3556. • Battaglia A, Lortz A, Carey JC. Natural history study of adults with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 1: Case series of personally observed 35 individuals. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2021;185(6):1794-1802. • Carey JC, Lortz A, Mendel A, Battaglia A. Natural history study of adults with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome 2: Patient-reported outcomes study. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2021;185(7): 2065-2069. • Shannon NL, Maltby EL, Rigby AS, Quarrell OWJ. An epidemiological study of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: life expectancy and cause of mortality. J. Med. Genet. 2001; 38: 674-679. • Taruscio, D, Vittozi L, Rocchetti A, Torreri P, Ferrari L. The Occurrence of 275 Rare Diseases and 47 Rare Disease Groups in Italy. Results from the National Registry of Rare Diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018:15:1470-88. • Zollino M, Murdolo M, Marangi G, Pecile V, Galasso C, Mazzanti L, Neri G. On the nosology and pathogenesis of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlation analysis of 80 patients and literature review. Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet. 2008; 148C (4): 257-269. • Corrêa T, Mergener R, Leite JCL, Galera MF, Moreira LMA, Vargas JE, Riegel M. Cytogenomic Integrative Network Analysis of the Critical Region Associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 5436187. • Blanco-Lago R, Malaga-Dieguez I, Granizo-Martinez JJ, Carrera-Garcia L, Barruz-Galian P, Lapunzina P, Nevado-Blanco J, En representacion del Grupo Colaborativo para el Estudio del Sindrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn ERDGCPEEDSW. Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Description of a Spanish cohort of 51 cases and a literature review. Rev Neurol. 2017 May 1;64(9):393-400. PMID: 28444681 • Gavril EC, Luca AC, Curpan AS, Popescu R, Resmerita I, Panzaru MC, Butnariu LI, Gorduza EV, Gramescu M, Rusu C. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Study of 7 New Cases, and Mini Review. Children (Basel). 2021; 8(9):751. • Shimizu K, Wakui K, Kosho T, Okamoto N, Mizuno S, Itomi K, Hattori S, Nishio K, Samura O, Kobayashi Y, Kako Y, Arai T, Tsutomu OI, Kawame H, Narumi Y, Ohashi H, Fukushima Y. Microarray and FISH-based genotype-phenotype analysis of 22 Japanese patients with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2014; 164A (3): 597-609.FUNDAMENTOS // El Síndrome de Wolf-Hirschhorn es una enfermedad poco frecuente de origen genético causada por la deleción del extremo distal del cromosoma 4, que incluye preferentemente la región p16.3. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar la prevalencia de la enfermedad en la población española, así como establecer la distribución geográfica del síndrome a lo largo de la geografía nacional, dilucidando el rango de edad en el que existían más pacientes afectados. MÉTODOS // Para la investigación se reclutaron 80 pacientes diagnosticados con el síndrome en el periodo 2013-2021, en todo el territorio español, gracias a los acuerdos con la Asociación Española de Síndrome Wolf-Hirschhorn (AESWH). La información clínica de los pacientes se obtuvo mediante dos cuestionarios estandarizados que fueron cumplimentados por médicos de referencia y los padres, siendo completados y corroborados con los distintos informes médicos de cada paciente y, al menos, una entrevis- ta una entrevista a los padres. La caracterización molecular de la enfermedad se realizó mediante el uso de microarrays de SNP (del inglés, single nucleotide polymorphism) (CytoSNP 850K, Illumina). Los datos se trataron estadísiticamente utilizando los softwares Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation) y SPSS (IBM), mediante las comparaciones entre dos grupos s con la prueba t de Student (para variables continuas) o con pruebas de Chi cuadrado (para las categóricas). Para más de dos grupos se realizó análisis ANOVA (seguido de las pruebas post hoc de Bonferroni o T3-Dunnett) para variables continuas y pruebas z entre proporciones de columna para variables categóricas. RESULTADOS // En España (hasta 2021) están diagnosticadas ochenta personas con este síndrome, estimándose su prevalencia en 1,69x10-4 por cada 10.000 habitantes y/o 1/172.904 por cada recién nacido vivo. En este trabajo se constató la existencia de importantes diferencias de prevalencia entre las comunidades autónomas de nuestro país. La comunidad con más pacientes diagnosticados fue Madrid, aunque la mayor prevalencia se observó en Asturias. Se establecieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al sexo y la enfermedad (proporción de mujeres sobre varones de 2:1), así como se estableció la edad media al diagnóstico en 7,20 años. CONCLUSIONES // La prevalencia de este síndrome en España se estima muy por debajo de la prevalencia que se maneja en los textos científicos (1 por cada 50.000 recién nacidos). Adicionalmente, hemos determinado que esta prevalencia muestra grandes dife- rencias geográficas, lo que nos permite afirmar que este síndrome podría encontrarse infra-diagnosticado en nuestro país. La mayor parte de los pacientes incluidos en esta cohorte se encuentran en edad pediátrica. No se ha podido corroborar que la mortalidad en este síndrome, en nuestra población, ocurra preferentemente durante los dos primeros años de vida, como se venía afirmando.BACKGROUND // Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is a rare disease of genetic origin caused by the deletion of the distal end of chromo- some 4, including at least the region p16.3. The objectives of this work were to determine the prevalence of the disease in the Spanish population, as well as to establish the geographical distribution of the syndrome throughout the Spanish geography, elucidating the age range in which there are more patients. METHODS // Patients diagnosed with the disease for nine years (2013-2021) throughout the Spanish territory were recruited for the research, thanks to agreements with the Spanish Association of Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (AESWH). The clinical information of the patients was obtained from referring physicians using two standardized questionnaires completed with data from medical reports and the parent interview. The molecular characterization of the disease was made using SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) microarrays (cytoSNP850K, Illumina, USA). The data were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation) and SPSS (IBM) software, using comparisons between two groups s with Student’s t-test (for continuous variables) or with Chi-square tests (for categorical ones). For more than two groups, ANOVA analyses were performed (followed by Bonferroni or T3-Dunnett post hoc tests) for continuous varia- bles and z-tests between column proportions for categorical variables. RESULTS // In Spain (until 2021) eighty people are diagnosed with this syndrome, estimating its prevalence at 1.69x10-4 per 10,000 inhabitants and / or 1/172,904 for each live newborn. This paper remarks the existence of important differences in prevalence between the different regions in Spain. The region with the most diagnosed patients was Madrid, although the highest prevalence was obser- ved in Asturias. Significant differences have been established in terms of sex and disease (ratio of women to men of 2:1), and the mean age at diagnosis has been established at 7.20 years. CONCLUSIONS // The prevalence of this syndrome in Spain has been estimated well below the prevalence that is handled in scien- tific texts (1/50,000 newborns). In addition, we have determined that this prevalence shows large geographical differences, which allows us to affirm that this syndrome could be under-diagnosed in our country. Most of the patients included in this cohort are of paediatric age. It has not been possible to corroborate that mortality in this syndrome, in our population, occurs preferably during the first two years of life, as has been claimedDepto. de Investigación y Psicología en EducaciónFac. de EducaciónTRUEpu

Exploring characteristics of national forest inventories for integration with global space-based forest biomass data

National forest inventories (NFIs) are a reliable source for national forest measurements. However, they are usually not developed for linking with remotely sensed (RS) biomass information. There are increasing needs and opportunities to facilitate this link towards better global and national biomass estimation. Thus, it is important to study and understand NFI characteristics relating to their integration with space-based products; in particular for the tropics where NFIs are quite recent, less frequent, and partially incomplete in several countries. Here, we (1) assessed NFIs in terms of their availability, temporal distribution, and extent in 236 countries from FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2020; (2) compared national forest biomass estimates in 2018 from FRA and global space-based Climate Change Initiative (CCI) product in 182 countries considering NFI availability and temporality; and (3) analyzed the latest NFI design characteristics in 46 tropical countries relating to their integration with space-based biomass datasets. We observed significant NFI availability globally and multiple NFIs were mostly found in temperate and boreal countries while most of the single NFI countries (94 %) were in the tropics. The latest NFIs were more recent in the tropics and many countries (35) implemented NFIs from 2016 onwards. The increasing availability and update of NFIs create new opportunities for integration with space-based data at the national level. This is supported by the agreement we found between country biomass estimates for 2018 from FRA and CCI product, with a significantly higher correlation in countries with recent NFIs. We observed that NFI designs varied greatly in tropical countries. For example, the size of the plots ranged from 0.01 to 1 ha and more than three-quarters of the countries had smaller plots of ≤0.25 ha. The existing NFI designs could pose specific challenges for statistical integration with RS data in the tropics. Future NFI and space-based efforts should aim towards a more integrated approach taking advantage of both data streams to improve national estimates and help future data harmonization efforts. Regular NFI efforts can be expanded with the inclusion of some super-site plots to enhance data integration with currently available space-based applications. Issues related to cost implications versus improvements in the accuracy, timeliness, and sustainability of national forest biomass estimation should be further explored

Data and Code underlying the article: "Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Peruvian Amazonia"

The data and code in this repository can be used to reproduce the analysis Requena Suarez et al. (2023), "Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Peruvian Amazonia". Spatial datasets used in this study are accessible from the sources cited in Table 1 of the main study. Estimation of disturbance and time since disturbance was done using the AVOCADO algorithm (Decuyper et al, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112829), and Landsat imagery downloaded from Google Earth Engine. The underlying code for AVOCADO can be found in the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/MDecuy/AVOCADO, as well as a tutorial: https://www.pucv.cl/uuaa/labgrs/proyectos/avocado

Forest disturbance and recovery in Peruvian Amazonia

Amazonian forests function as biomass and biodiversity reservoirs, contributing to climate change mitigation. While they continuously experience disturbance, the effect that disturbances have on biomass and biodiversity over time has not yet been assessed at a large scale. Here, we evaluate the degree of recent forest disturbance in Peruvian Amazonia and the effects that disturbance, environmental conditions and human use have on biomass and biodiversity in disturbed forests. We integrate tree-level data on above ground biomass (AGB) and species richness from 1840 forest plots from Peru's National Forest Inventory with remotely sensed monitoring of forest change dynamics, based on disturbances detected from Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Moisture Index time series. Our results show a clear negative effect of disturbance intensity tree species richness. This effect was also observed on AGB and species richness recovery values towards undisturbed levels, as well as on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Time since disturbance had a larger effect on AGB than on species richness. While time since disturbance has a positive effect on AGB, unexpectedly we found a small negative effect of time since disturbance on species richness. We estimate that roughly 15% of Peruvian Amazonian forests have experienced disturbance at least once since 1984, and that, following disturbance, have been increasing in AGB at a rate of 4.7 Mg ha−1 year−1 during the first 20 years. Furthermore, the positive effect of surrounding forest cover was evident for both AGB and its recovery towards undisturbed levels, as well as for species richness. There was a negative effect of forest accessibility on the recovery of species composition towards undisturbed levels. Moving forward, we recommend that forest-based climate change mitigation endeavours consider forest disturbance through the integration of forest inventory data with remote sensing methods

Immediate allergic reactions to cephalosporins: evaluation of cross-reactivity with a panel of penicillins and cephalosporins. J Allergy Clin Immunol

Background: Allergy to cephalosporins has mainly been evaluated in the context of patients with confirmed penicillin allergy. The problem of studying cross-reactivity in subjects primarily sensitized to cephalosporins and potentially allergic to penicillins has not been sufficiently addressed. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro IgE response and crossreactivity to betalactams in patients with immediate allergic reactions to cephalosporins. Methods: The study included 24 patients with immediate allergic reactions to cephalosporins and RAST-positive to at least 1 cephalosporin. Skin testing and RAST were performed with a panel of penicillins and cephalosporins. RAST inhibition assay with different monomeric conjugates of penicillin and cephalosporin was performed to establish cross-reactivity. Results: The culprit cephalosporins were cefaclor (N 5 7), cefonicid (N 5 1), cefotaxime (N 5 2), ceftazidime (N 5 2), ceftriaxone (N 5 3), and cefuroxime (N 5 9). Two patients had a positive skin test result to penicillin determinants, and 22 patients had a negative result to penicillin determinants and tolerated benzylpenicillin administration. Of these 22, 19 had a positive skin test result to cephalosporins and divided into patients reacting only to the culprit cephalosporin (63.2%) and those reacting to more than 1 cephalosporin (36.8%). RAST and RAST inhibition studies confirmed that the side chain at the R1 position is crucial for recognition. Conclusion: The R1 side chain rather than the betalactam structure, shared by penicillins and cephalosporins, seems to play a dominant role in determining the specificity of immunologic reactions to cephalosporins. Thus, penicillin can be administered safely to patients allergic to cephalosporins and with a negative skin test result to penicillin determinants. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:404-10.

Isabel I de Castilla : mito , leyenda y realidad de una reina

Este proyecto de innovación educativa se presentó en el Congreso Internacional de Innovación en la Educación celebrado en Valladolid los dias 26, 27 y 28 de abril de 2005Proyecto en el que han participado ciento veinte alumnos de cuarto curso de educación secundaria obligatoria y trece profesores de los departamentos de Plástica, Inglés, Música, Ciencias Sociales, Tecnología, Religión, Matemáticas y Biología. El eje central es la figura de la Reina Isabel I de Castilla y como trasfondo el abordaje de la temática de la Igualdad de Oportunidades asi como la tolerancia desde el respeto a la diversidad étnica y cultural. Los objetivos que se plantean son: 1- Sensibilizar sobre la realidad histórica de Castilla y León en la época de Isabel I de Castilla, 2- Conocer las aportaciones de Isabel la Católica al ámbito del estado moderno. 3- Valorar la tolerancia inicial en torno a la heterogeneidad étnico-cultural de su reino. 4- Descubrir los aspectos cotidianos del quehacer diario de sus súbditos. 5- Analizar los estereotipos de género referidos a la actividad económica y a las cualidades humanas que la confirieron especial significatividad en la historia de Castilla y León. 6- Analizar aquellos aspectos humanos, políticos, sociales y religiosos que la encumbran como Isabel 'La Católica'. El plan de trabajo previsto ha presentado tres niveles de implicación: el primero de ellos hace referencia a la concrección del guión original de contenidos, enunciando los epígrafes relativos a aquellos aspectos en los que intervienen otros departamentos para elaborar la unidad didáctica; el segundo se centra en la recogida, selección y búsqueda de información por parte del profesorado y por último se aborda la adecuación del material a los distintos cursos en los que se aplicará. Los materiales y recursos didácticos generados son: a) Elaboración de una unidad didáctica con el siguiente guión: Isabel I de Castilla. Mito, leyenda y realidad de una reina, epigrafe que engloba: 1- Descubriendo a una Reina; que incluye :- Perfil autobiográfico, - Perfil humano: curiosidades y anécdotas, - Infancia, juventud y madurez, - Su testamento, - Romper estereotipos. 2 - ¿Sobre quién reinó?: 2.1. ¿Cuántos fueron sus súbditos? Datos demográficos: Comparación con datos actuales. 2.2. ¿Quiénes fueron sus súbditos? Composición de la población, - Heterogeneidad étnico-religiosa, - Claves de la coexistencia pacífica, - Diversidad social. 3 - ¿Cómo gobernó a sus súbditos?: 3.1. Instituciones de gobierno, 3.2. Decisiones de política interior, 3.2.1. Expulsión de los judíos, 3.2.2. Acción inquisitorial, 3.2.3. Finalización de La Reconquista. 4 - ¿Cómo vivían sus súbditos?: 4.1. Cubrir necesidades básicas. Aspectos económicos relevantes. 4.2. ¿Qué se consume?. 4.2.1. Dieta, alimentos, conductas de riesgo. Patologías asociadas. 4.2.2. Vestido. 4.2.3. Vivienda: casas, castillos. 4.3. Comprar y vender. Sistema monetario. 4.4. Profesiones y oficios: Oficios de hombres y de mujeres. Roles y estereotipos. 4.5. Ocio y Tiempo Libre: música y fiestas. 4.6. ¿Cultos o ignorantes?. 4.6.1. El saber. Universidades. 4.6.2. Escribir, leer, contar y cantar. Saber popular. 4.6.3. La visión del más allá: Aspectos religiosos 4.7. Una Reina emprendedora apoyando una causa: el Descubrimiento de América. 4.7.1. Avances tecnológicos. 4.8. Isabel mecenas. Aspectos artísticos significativos. 4.9. Su visión internacional. Aspectos relevantes de política exterior. 4.10. El Mito de una Reina: Isabel 'La Católica'. El proceso de beatificación. b) CD-ROM con ambientación musical de época. En lo referente a la metodología de trabajo y sistema de trabajo se han promovido pautas metodológicas en las que destacan los siguientes aspectos: Ensayo de técnicas de aprendizaje conectadas con las pautas reguladoras de la convivencia democrática, creación de estados de opinión favorecedores de principios éticamente aceptados y universalmente consensuados denominados bajo la acepción genérica de 'Imperativos religiosos en la España de Isabel I'; potenciación de un tipo de actividades favorecedoras de la indagación, y la recreación mediante un proceso de investigación profundo en este sentido señalar que se han elaborado meticulosamente con la técnica de pintura al huevo más de sesenta tablas con motivos seleccionados; comprensión de los acontecimientos históricos mediante una base de datos de múltiples palabras o fechas para construir ideas coherentes. La metodología viene a su vez marcada por un tipo de actividades que permiten aplicar los criterios de evaluación oficiales. El tipo de actividades propuestas que aparecen en la unidad insisten en el debate, razonamiento, argumentación, investigación, interpretación, realización de técnicas pictóricas; algunos de lo capítulos están en inglés. Los resultados alcanzados se destacan como positivos, tanto por el proceso de implicación en la selección de la información, como en la evaluación realizada con las pautas que quedan establecidas en la unidad. La bibliografía consultada corresponde a más de veinte libros sobre la época de Isabel I así como las biografías de actualidad, los documentos de las exposiciones sobre la reina y múltiples direcciones de la web que aparecen citadas convenientemente en la unidad realizada y objeto del proyecto.Junta de Castilla y LeónCastilla y LeónConsejería de Educación. Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación; Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Prado, Autovía Puente Colgante, s. n.; 47071 Valladolid; Tel. +34983411881; Fax +34983411939ES