Análise integrada de sistemas de produção de tomateiro com base em indicadores edafobiológicos.

A análise integrada de indicadores edafobiológicos ligados ao manejo do solo constitui uma ferramenta importante para estimar níveis de sustentabilidade do agroecossistema, detectando-se pontos críticos para a devida correção de manejo. Essa ferramenta foi empregada na avaliação de sistemas de produção orgânica e convencional de tomate, em cultivo protegido e a campo aberto, no estado de São Paulo. Tomaram-se como referência solos de mata nativa e/ou pastagem natural, dependendo do local de estudo. Em Serra Negra, o solo sob sistema orgânico apresentou maior capacidade de campo e teor de argila dispersa mais baixo, indicativos da estabilidade dos agregados. No sistema convencional observou-se uma elevada condutividade elétrica, evidenciando a alta disponibilidade de sais solúveis. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) permitiu concluir que há maior grau de similaridade entre o solo sob sistema orgânico e aqueles das bases referenciais, com respeito aos indicadores químicos e biológicos. Constatou-se que C org, N total, polissacarídeos, FDA (hidrólise de diacetato de fluoresceína) e atividade enzimática de desidrogenase estão positivamente relacionados com o sistema orgânico, a mata nativa e a pastagem. Em contrapartida, a saturação por bases (V%), pH, teores de Mn, Mg e Ca, bem como a razão de dispersão estão inversamente relacionadas ao manejo orgânico. Já em Araraquara, os resultados da ACP distinguiram as áreas organicamente cultivadas das matas nativas, principalmente, com base nos indicadores biológicos

Aproveitamento dos resíduos da produção de conserva de palmito como substrato para plantas Reutilization of wastes from the production of palm heart canning as substrates for plants

Avaliou-se as características físicas e químicas dos resíduos da extração do palmito da palmeira real australiana [Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude] com vistas à sua utilização como substrato para plantas. Estudou-se amostras originárias de dois locais, do interior e do litoral, e subdividiu-se as mesmas segundo as partes da planta em folhas, estipe, e "cartucho" (bainhas), sendo analisadas na forma in natura e após sofrer hidrólise ácida. Todas as amostras foram caracterizadas determinando-se a densidade úmida e seca, a porosidade total, o espaço de aeração, a disponibilidade de água, o valor de pH, a condutividade elétrica e o teor total de sais solúveis. Não houve diferença estatística entre as amostras para as características físicas estudadas. As amostras oriundas do litoral não diferiram daquelas obtidas no interior, assim como, as amostras que sofreram hidrólise ácida não diferiram daquelas in natura. Da mesma forma, as partes da planta (folhas, estipe e cartucho) não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si. No entanto, os resultados das características químicas consideradas não são apropriados para a utilização dos resíduos da indústria de conserva de palmito como substrato para plantas e indicam a necessidade de novos estudos com resíduos provenientes de plantio controlado da palmeira real australiana.<br>A study was held to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of wastes from the extraction of the heart of the Australian real palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), in order to use it as substrates for plants. Samples from inland and from seaside were subdivided into leaves, stipe and "cartridge" (sheaths) and analyzed in the in natura form and after acid hydrolysis. All samples were characterized by humid and dry density, total porosity, aeration space and availability of water, pH, electric conductivity and total content of soluble salts. There was no statistical difference among the samples for the studied physical characteristics. The samples from seaside did not differ from those from inland and the samples that have suffered acid hydrolysis did not differ from those in natura. Also, the parts of the plant (leaves, stipe and cartridge) showed no significant differences among themselves. The results of chemical characteristics showed the utilization of wastes from the production of palm heart canning as substrates for plants is not recommended. Additionally, the results evidenced the need for new studies with waste from controlled planting of Australian real palm

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58\ub75%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31\ub72%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10\ub72%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12\ub73%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9\ub74%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14\ub70%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23\ub72%] of 1282) HDI (p&lt;0\ub7001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17\ub78%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31\ub74%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39\ub78%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1\ub760, 95% credible interval 1\ub705\u20132\ub737; p=0\ub7030). 132 (21\ub76%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16\ub76%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19\ub78%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35\ub79%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p&lt;0\ub7001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication. Funding: DFID-MRC-Wellcome Trust Joint Global Health Trial Development Grant, National Institute of Health Research Global Health Research Unit Grant