India rice export and virtual water trade

The present study aimed to assess water footprint in the production and export of rice in India. From recent few years, the water footprint conception in full swing to inward detection around the world. The amplified attention in the water footprint has impelled the trade of commodities between countries. Water footprint in the rice field is a sign of water use that exhibits direct and indirect water usage in the rice field. Rice is an important food crop in India. It accesses the flows of water virtually between countries/regions of the world to illustrate the dependency of countries/regions on water resources with other countries/regions under diverse feasible futures. Hence, it is gaining consequence to calculate the water foot print in production as well as export of rice.  The Indian rice production and export of rice was calculated by using international trade and domestic production data. The study results indicated that the global footprint of rice production was 235774 Mm3 per ton which was 53 % of green water footprint, 41 % of blue water footprint and 6 % of grey water footprint for 2018-19. The virtual water flowed in trade was 24354 Mm3/year and the percolation was 16924 Mm3/year since rice is a more water consuming crop. The share of basmati and non-basmati trade accounted was 16 % and 42 %, respectively. Virtual water trade in rice can be minimized by exporting less water demand and high-value crops, proper water harvesting structures and other agronomic practices

STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SOFOSBUVIR, VELPATASVIR, AND VOXILAPREVIR IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The present study was aimed to develop a novel, simple, rapid accurate and precise, stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous estimation of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir in bulk and tablet dosage forms. Methods: The chromatographic elution was achieved in isocratic mode using the combination of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir in the ratio of acetonitrile and water (65:35%v/v) using a Phenomenex C18 column which has specification (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ particle size) and the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and wavelength (ultraviolet) detection at 220 nm. Results: The retention time obtained for sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir was 2.213 min, 2.568 min, and 2.917 min, respectively. Sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir and their combination drug product were exposed to acidic, alkali, thermal, photolytic, and oxidative stress conditions. The current method was validated according to the ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, and sensitivity. Conclusion: The method developed is more sensitive, accurate, precise, and robust then the methods reported earlier. Retention time and run time were decreased; hence, the method is economical simple and precise. Forced degradation studies indicated for the suitability of the method for stability studies of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir. The proposed method can be used for routine quality control analysis test in pharmaceutical industries

NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SARGASSUM ILICIFOLIUM TURNER C. AGARDH ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY AND ATTENUATION OF SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED AMNESIA IN RODENTS

ABSTRACTObjective: In day to day life, occupational stress is responsible for oxidative stress by altering sleep cycle. Scopolamine induction of amnesia correlatesto stress-induced amnesia in youngsters. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the anti-amnesic effect of ethanolic extract and ethylacetate fraction of Sargassum ilicifolium Turner (C. Agardh) against scopolamine.Methods: In this study, seven groups of animals were used and scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg b.wt/intraperitoneally) was administered to all groups exceptpositive control to induce memory loss. Elevated plus maze, Morris water maze served as an exteroceptive behavioral model in testing memory inyoung rats. Brain acetylcholinesterase, a biomarker enzyme was estimated. Finally histopathology of cerebral cortex was performed.Results: The extract and fraction treated group showed an interesting result in memory scores, and the significant enzyme inhibition might beresponsible to attenuate acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons to enhance memory. Finally, histopathology of cerebral cortex proved the neuroprotectiveeffect of S. ilicifolium. All the results were statistically significant.Conclusion: Neuroprotective role of S. ilicifolium Turner C.Agardh was highlighted well in this study and it will be interesting infuture to dissect outthe kinetics of individual components in the fraction and to strengthen the phytomolecule role by insilico studies.Keywords: Learning, Memory, Acetylcholinesterase, Sargassum ilicifolium Turner (C. Agardh)

Anatomical Variations of Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery – A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: The Profunda femoris artery is a large branch that arises from the lateral or posterolateral part of the femoral artery, about 3 to 5cm below the inguinal ligament. Profunda femoris artery [1,2,4] gives Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, and Perforating arteries and muscular branches. Medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) originates from the posteromedial aspect of the Profunda but may originate from the femoral artery. It gives three branches ascending and transverse, acetabular branches.  Aim & Objectives: To study the anatomical variations in source of origin, site of origin of MCFA. Methods: The present observational study was conducted on the dissection of 70 lower limbs of 35 adult cadavers (27 male & 8 female). Contents of the femoral triangle were dissected as per Cunningham’s manual. The source of origin distance of the origin of MCFA was noted. Collected data were analyzed statistically. Results: In the present study, MCFA from the P.F.A. in 85.71% (60/70) in both Right and Left lower limbs. The common source of Right MCFA from the Femoral Artery followed by a common stem with P.F.A. The following common source of Lt MCFA as a common stem with P.F.A. Distance of origin of MCFA from the P.F.A. was seen between 1-2cm in 34.29% of Right and 28.5% of Left Limbs in the present study. Conclusions: In most limbs (60/70 limbs), the MCFA was taking origin from P.F.A. in both Right & Left limbs (85.72%). Distance of origin of MCFA from the P.F.A. was seen between 1-2cm in 34.29% of Right and 28.5% of Left Limbs in the present study

A rare case of hematohidrosis in a patient with paranoid schizophrenia

Hematohidrosis is a very rare yet fascinating clinical entity in which blood is excreted in sweat under extreme physical or emotional stress. The causes can be attributed to variety of etiological factors such as systemic disorders, vicarious menstruation, excessive exertion, and psychogenic and idiopathic causes. Although the episodes are usually self-limiting and do not affect the health status of the patient, the very phenomenon can be quite scary for the patient and family members. Amongst the psychogenic causes, various mental illnesses can result in Hematohidrosis, but it is more commonly reported so far with anxiety spectrum illnesses and depression. The distinctive feature of the case presented by authors is its association with Hematohidrosis and its symptoms of Paranoid Schizophrenia. Objective of this study the association between symptomatology of Paranoid Schizophrenia and its effect on Hematohidrosis After due consent from the patient, relatives and permission from the ethics committee of the institution, clinical history was obtained from the patient interviews. The case was followed longitudinally on each follow up. Appropriate blood investigations were done. Information obtained was compiled to form a case report. The improvement in psychotic symptoms corresponded with reduced frequency of bleeding episodes. As anti-psychotic treatment was initiated, patient started showing improvement in psychotic symptoms. This co-incided with the reduced severity and frequency of Hematohidrosis. Improvement in anxiety associated with psychotic symptoms was most probably responsible for improvement in symptoms of Hematohidrosis

Impact of nontariff measures on the exports of the beverage sector in India

In the recent past, agricultural exports, especially plantation crops, which are the backbone of India, have been subjected to many nontariff measures. Since the liberalisation of trade has led to the integration of global commodity markets, developing countries are significantly affected by these trade barriers, which indirectly hurt millions of plantation community. Traditionally, India is well known for its exports of beverages and stringent maximum residual limits, traceability issues, and food safety standards are complex issues surmounting trade in the plantation sector around the world. Hence, the present research study attempts to find the shock of nontariff measures on the prices of both export and domestic beverages and the hammering in returns to the Indian beverage industry by the partial equilibrium method. This model directly measures the simulation effect of nontariff measures by imposing NTM on tea and coffee sector.  It is obvious that as the NTM percent increases from 10 percent to 25 percent on tea sector, the loss in export quantity was more from 22.24 million kg to 55.61 million kg and loss of revenue was from Rs. 2997 million to Rs. 7492 million for the corresponding NTMs. Likewise the loss in export quantity (62.85 million kg) and loss in revenue (Rs. 9412 million) were high in 25 per cent of NTM. The present study shows how to allow for market imperfections and trade facilitating effects of nontariff measures in the beverage sector.

Bipolar Valued Intutionistic Multi Fuzzy Normal Subnear-Ring of a Near-Ring

In this paper, bipolar valued intutionistic multi fuzzy normal subnear-ring of a near-ring is introduced and some theorems are stated and proved

ANALYSIS OF CURRENT HARMONICS IN A DECOUPLED SVPWM CONTROLLED DUAL TWO LEVEL INVERTER FED OPEN END WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

Pulse width modulation has been one of the most intensively investigated areas of power electronics for many years now, and the number of combinations seems to be endless. However, according to a hierarchal consensus, Space Vector Modulation techniques are ranked higher in order of merit, based on harmonic performance. In this paper, Space Vector PWM Switching scheme is employed for a dual two level inverter feeding an Induction motor from both ends (open end winding). The decoupled SVPWM is employed for the dual-inverter scheme in order to realize the reference voltage vector. The Gating pulses are correspondingly generated for the dual inverters in order to realize the reference voltage, and the respective voltages are fed to 1kW open end windings of an induction motor drive. The harmonic content of the three phase currents in the motor are analyzed with an appropriate variation in its modulation index. Thus the performance in terms of harmonic analysis is carried out using Matlab/SIMULINK for an open end winding induction motor drive