Integral functions of electron lateral distribution and their fluctuations in electron-photon cascades

Monte Carlo simulated lateral distribution functions for electrons of EPC developing in lead, at superhigh energies (.1-1 PeV) for depths t or = 60 c.u. delta t=1t. c.u. are presented. The higher moment characteristics, i.e., variation, asymmetry, excess, are presented along with analytical solutions for the same characteristics at fixed observation level calculated to theory approximations A and B by using numerical inversion of the Laplace transformation. The conclusion is made of a complex, usually non-Gaussian shape of the function of the particle number distribution within a circle of given radius at fixed depth

Poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) gel electrolytes: a detailed investigation of their conductivity and characterization

Poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) (PEG/PAMPS) with a transparent appearance were prepared in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator at 70 degrees C for 24 h. PEG/PAMPS-based polymer gel electrolytes in a motionless and uniform state were obtained by adding the required amount of liquid electrolytes to a dry PEG/PAMPS polymer. Liquid electrolytes include organic solvents with high boiling points (-1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)) and a redox couple (alkali metal iodide salt/iodine). The optimized conditions for PEG/PAMPS-based gel electrolytes based on the salt type, the concentration of alkali metal iodide salt/iodine, and solvent volume ratio were determined to be NaI, 0.4 M NaI/0.04 M I-2, and NMP:GBL (7:3, v/v), respectively. The highest ionic conductivity and the liquid electrolyte absorbency were 2.58 mS cm(-1) and 3.6 g g(-1) at 25 degrees C, respectively. The ion transport mechanism in both the polymer gel electrolytes and liquid electrolytes is investigated extensively, and their best fits with respect to the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity are determined with the Arrhenius equation

Electrochemical and Crystallographic Aspects of Lead Granular Growth

Lead granules synthesized by the potentiostatic regime of electrolysis were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy technique. Effect of the different parameters of electrolysis, such as solution composition, overpotential of electrodeposition, and quantity of the electricity, on lead granular growth has been systematically investigated. Aside from the electrochemical aspects of lead granular growth, crystallographic aspects of the obtained granules were also analyzed. In the dependence of the electrodeposition conditions, granules of various shapes were obtained. The granules, such as octahedrons and hexagons, as well as many various types of twinned particles: single-twinned, multiply-twinned, lamellar-twinned, and many other complicated shapes denoted as polyparticles, were synthesized through regulation of the parameters of electrolysis. Increasing both the concentration of Pb2+ ions and overpotential of the electrodeposition favored the formation of more complicated forms. Formation of granules of specified crystallographic characteristics was also correlated with the basic principle of metal electrocrystallization

Neutral pion number fluctuations at high multiplicity in pp-interactions at 50 GeV

The results of E-190 experiment (project Thermalization) with 50 GeV proton beam irradiation of SVD-2 setup are presented. MC simulation has shown the linear dependence of number of photons detected in electromagnetic calorimeter and the average number of neutral pions. Multiplicity distribution of neutral pion, N0, for total number of particles in the event, Ntot = Nch + N0, are obtained with corrections on the setup acceptance, triggering and efficiency of the event reconstruction. The scaled variance of neutral pion fluctuations, ω = D/ , versus total multiplicity is measured. The fluctuations increase at Ntot > 18. According to quantum statistics models this behavior can indicate a pion condensate formation in the high pion multiplicity system. This effect has been observed for the first time