Approximations to b* in the prediction of design effects due to clustering

Kish’s well-known expression for the design effect due to clustering is often used to inform sample design, using an approximation such as b in place of b. If the design involves either weighting or variation in cluster sample sizes, this can be a poor approximation. In this article we discuss the sensitivity of the approximation to departures from the implicit assumptions and propose an alternative approximation

Design effects for multiple design samples

In some situations the sample design of a survey is rather complex, consisting of fundamentally different designs in different domains. The design effect for estimates based upon the total sample is a weighted sum of the domainspecific design effects. We derive these weights under an appropriate model and illustrate their use with data from the European Social Survey (ESS)

Chicago Arts Partnerships in Education Summary Evaluation

The purpose of this monograph is to highlight the development of CAPE and its effects through the multiple inquiry lenses trained on the program over its first six years. The story is one of development and learning by school communities, teachers, and artists as they became increasingly and more deeply involved in arts-integrated instruction. It is also a story of increasingly tangible and measurable effects on student learning as the program matured

Self-organizing lists on the Xnet

The first parallel designs for implementing self-organizing lists on the Xnet interconnection network are presented. Self-organizing lists permute the order of list entries after an entry is accessed according to some update hueristic. The heuristic attempts to place frequently requested entries closer to the front of the list. This paper outlines Xnet systems for self-organizing lists under the move-to-front and transpose update heuristics. Our novel designs can be used to achieve high-speed lossless text compression

The Institutionalization of Institutional Theory

[Excerpt] Our primary aims in this effort are twofold: to clarify the independent theoretical contributions of institutional theory to analyses of organizations, and to develop this theoretical perspective further in order to enhance its use in empirical research. There is also a more general, more ambitious objective here, and that is to build a bridge between two distinct models of social actor that underlie most organizational analyses, which we refer to as a rational actor model and an institutional model. The former is premised on the assumption that individuals are constantly engaged in calculations of the costs and benefits of different action choices, and that behavior reflects such utility-maximizing calculations. In the latter model, by contrast, \u27oversocialized\u27 individuals are assumed to accept and follow social norms unquestioningly, without any real reflection or behavioral resistance based on their own particular, personal interests. We suggest that these two general models should be treated not as oppositional but rather as representing two ends of a continuum of decision-making processes and behaviors. Thus, a key problem for theory and research is to specify the conditions under which behavior is more likely to resemble one end of this continuum or the other. In short, what is needed are theories of when rationality is likely to be more or less bounded. A developed conception of institutionalization processes provides a useful point of departure for exploring this issue

Parallel data compression

Data compression schemes remove data redundancy in communicated and stored data and increase the effective capacities of communication and storage devices. Parallel algorithms and implementations for textual data compression are surveyed. Related concepts from parallel computation and information theory are briefly discussed. Static and dynamic methods for codeword construction and transmission on various models of parallel computation are described. Included are parallel methods which boost system speed by coding data concurrently, and approaches which employ multiple compression techniques to improve compression ratios. Theoretical and empirical comparisons are reported and areas for future research are suggested

Virus-transformed pre-B cells show ordered activation but not inactivation of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and transcription

Virus-transformed pre-B cells undergo ordered immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangements during culture. We devised a series of highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction assays for Ig gene rearrangement and unrearranged Ig gene segment transcription to study both the possible relationship between these processes in cultured pre-B cells and the role played by heavy (H) chain (mu) protein in regulating gene rearrangement. Our analysis of pre-B cell cultures representing various stages of maturity revealed that transcription of each germline Ig locus precedes or is coincident with its rearrangement. Cell lines containing one functional rearranged H chain allele, however, continue to transcribe and to rearrange the allelic, unrearranged H chain locus. These cell lines appear to initiate but not terminate rearrangement events and therefore provide information about the requirements for activating rearrangement but not about allelic exclusion mechanisms

Preschool and School Readiness: Experiences of Children With Non-English-Speaking Parents

Examines gaps in school readiness among low-income children, especially those in immigrant and linguistically isolated families; the type of early care and education they receive; and the need for targeted center-based preschool programs to close gaps