Digestive proteases and carbohydrases along the alimentary tract of the stargazer, Uranoscopus scaber Linnaeus, 1753

Digestive enzyme activity and capacity (activity x tissue weight) for protein (total protease assay, 25° C) and carbohydrates (total carbohydrase and alpha-glucosidase assay at 5, 18 and 25° C) was investigated for the carnivorous stargazer, Uranoscopus scaber along its digestive tract. Results indicated that whole gut total protease activity was highest at pH 1.5 (P<0.05) (25° C) in U. scaber, (6.64±2.55 mg tyrosine per g digestive tract per minute, pH 1.5). Total protease activity was apparent mainly in the stomach at pH 1.5 (9.73±3.3), and to a lesser degree in the anterior intestine (11.15±1.5, pH 10.0) and pyloric caeca (4.92±2.06, pH 10.0), especially at pH 9.0 and 10.0. Furthermore, 60% of total capacity for protein digestion derives from the stomach region, which takes up 65% of the digestive tract. Total carbohydrase activity and capacity levels were very low compared to other carnivorous teleosts, indicating very low tendency for complex, large molecular weight carbohydrate digestion. However, alpha-glucosidase levels were higher, a fact which combined with relevant data for other marine carnivorous teleosts suggests a possible role of disaccharide in relation to marine carnivorous fish dietary carbohydrate inclusion

Green index in semigroups : generators, presentations and automatic structures

The Green index of a subsemigroup T of a semigroup S is given by counting strong orbits in the complement S n T under the natural actions of T on S via right and left multiplication. This partitions the complement S nT into T-relative H -classes, in the sense of Wallace, and with each such class there is a naturally associated group called the relative Schützenberger group. If the Rees index ΙS n TΙ is finite, T also has finite Green index in S. If S is a group and T a subgroup then T has finite Green index in S if and only if it has finite group index in S. Thus Green index provides a common generalisation of Rees index and group index. We prove a rewriting theorem which shows how generating sets for S may be used to obtain generating sets for T and the Schützenberger groups, and vice versa. We also give a method for constructing a presentation for S from given presentations of T and the Schützenberger groups. These results are then used to show that several important properties are preserved when passing to finite Green index subsemigroups or extensions, including: finite generation, solubility of the word problem, growth type, automaticity (for subsemigroups), finite presentability (for extensions) and finite Malcev presentability (in the case of group-embeddable semigroups).PostprintPeer reviewe