Twelve Hour Longevity of the Oral Malodor-Neutralizing Capacity of an Oral Rinse Product Containing the Chlorine Dioxide Precursor Sodium Chlorite

open access articleObjectives: The objectives of this investigation were to investigate the effectiveness and longevity of an oral rinse product containing 0.10% (w/v) of the chlorine dioxide precursor sodium chlorite (1) on oral malodor in participants throughout a 12 h daylight diurnal cycle. Materials and methods: Thirty healthy participants (17 male, 13 female) were recruited to the study. Volatile sulfur compound levels (VSCs: H2S, CH3SH and (CH3)2S) were simultaneously monitored in their oral cavity air samples both before (0 h) and at 0.33, 4, 8 and 12 h after using the above oral rinse, or water as a negative control (participants refrained from oral hygiene measures during this 12 h period). The experimental design for this cross-over investigation was a mixed model ANOVA-based system incorporating treatments, sampling time-points and participants, together with their first-order interactions, as components of variance. Results: Results acquired demonstrated that the oral rinse formulation effectively suppressed VSC production in the oral environment for 12 h periods (p<0.0001, 0.0001 and 0.002 for H2S, CH3SH and (CH3)2S respectively). Mean 0 vs 12 h reductions in oral cavity H2S and CH3SH concentrations were much greater than those observed for the H2O negative control (p<10-8), but not so for (CH3)2S. Principal component analysis (PCA) a H2S/CH3SH linear combination and (CH3)2S alone significantly loaded on the first and second separate orthogonal components respectively, an observation confirming differing sources for these variable sets. Conclusions: The oral rinse explored effectively blocked VSC production in the oral cavity for a period of 12 h. This extended efficacy duration is likely to be ascribable to the ability of its active ClO2- ingredient to exert a combination of biochemical (direct VSC- and amino acid VSC precursor-consuming) and microbicidal actions in vivo. Clinical relevance: The 12 h longevity of product’s# oral malodor-neutralizing actions is of much clinical significance in view of the involvements of VSCs, particularly CH3SH, in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontiti

The Effects of Irrelevant Information and Minor Errors in Client Documents on Assessments of Misstatement Risk and Sample Size

This dissertation consists of three studies. The first study conducts a 2 by 2 experiment to examine how auditors are influenced by the presence of irrelevant information and minor errors (i.e., “dirty documents”) when reviewing audit evidence produced by the client. This study tasks 97 public accountants to review audit evidence and finds some evidence that dirty documents influence an auditor’s assessment of the likelihood of account misstatement and the appropriate sample size. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of eye-tracking and to help generate potential research topics, the second study reviews extant literature in other disciplines where eye-tracking technology is applied to various judgment and decision-making contexts. This study suggests how eye-tracking can enhance extant accounting research. Illustrative examples of promising research opportunities (extending extant research) are provided. In addition, this study identifies how eye-tracking can be applied to more contemporary decision making and educational circumstances. The third study extends the first experiment through the use of eye-tracking technology. This study utilizes the same 2 by 2 experiment as the first study, but in this case records the eye movements of 43 auditing students while they review the audit evidence. The eye-tracking technology provides additional detail as to the specific evidence participants’ focus on during their review. This study finds that participants focus their attention differently depending on whether irrelevant information or minor errors were present

Responding to Gang Violence in El Salvador: What Homeboy Industries Can Teach Us About Reinsertion and Prevention

In March of 2012, the MS-13 and Barrio 18 street gangs of EI Salvador declared a truce and end in their violent war for territory. National homicide rates decreased overnight and now the Salvadoran government has become involved in facilitating and maintaining the life and continuity of this truce. This thesis discusses the roots of these gangs in terms of historical events such as the Salvadoran Civil War and the United States\u27 involvement through immigration and deportation. Analyzing past responses to Salvadoran gangs, I found a primarily repression-based strategy that served to radicalize, brutalize and solidify the gang. Some NGOs and progressive businesses have started to address the problem, but without government support, their efforts are ineffective. Prison conditions in EI Salvador only serve to exacerbate the situation. I looked at Greg Boyle\u27s Homeboy Industries model in Los Angeles for some insights. Homeboy has created many great employment opportunities but also tries to address many of the social aspects of gang reformation. I came away from my study of Homeboy Industries with the notion that if we are really willing to reform gang members in EI Salvador, kinship has to be the driving influence

Characterization of Fiber Bragg Grating Based, Geometry-dependent, Magnetostrictive Composite Sensors

Optical sensors based on geometry dependent magnetostrictive composite, having potential applications in current sensing and magnetic field sensing are modeled and evaluated experimentally with an emphasis on their thermal immunity from thermal disturbances. Two sensor geometries composed of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) embedded in a shaped Terfenol-D/epoxy composite material, which were previously prototyped and tested for magnetic field response, were investigated. When sensing magnetic fields or currents, the primary function of the magnetostrictive composite geometry is to modulate the magnetic flux such that a magnetostrictive strain gradient is induced on the embedded FBG. Simulations and thermal experiments reveal the thermal limitations and geometry dependence of the sensors. Also, during the course of this study, new insights into the effects of environmental factors and sensor manufacturing techniques where uncovered which warrant further investigation

The Cold War\u27s Last Battlefield: Reagan, the Soviets and Central America

Central America was the final place where U.S. and Soviet proxy forces faced off against one another in armed conflict. In The Cold War\u27s Last Battlefield, Edward A. Lynch blends his own first-hand experiences as a member of the Reagan Central America policy team with interviews of policy makers and exhaustive study of primary source materials, including once-secret government documents, in order to recount these largely forgotten events and how they fit within Reagan\u27s broader foreign policy goals. Lynch\u27s compelling narrative reveals a president who was willing to risk both influence and image to aggressively confront Soviet expansion in the region. He also demonstrates how the internal debates between competing sides of the Reagan administration were really an argument about the basic thrust of U.S. foreign policy, and that they anticipated, to a remarkable degree, policy discussions following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. --Back coverhttps://digitalcommons.hollins.edu/facbooks/1079/thumbnail.jp

Ultrasonographic measurement of periodontal attachment levels

Periodontal disease is one of the two major causes of tooth loss today, and has been associated with several systemic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Unfortunately, the most widely used diagnostic tool for assessment of periodontal diseases, measurement of periodontal attachment loss with a manual probe, may overestimate attachment loss by as much as 2mm in untreated sites, while underestimating attachment loss by an even greater margin following treatment. Manual probing is also invasive, which causes patient discomfort.;This work describes the development and testing of an ultrasonographic periodontal probe designed to replace manual probing. It uses a thin stream of water to project an ultrasonic beam into the periodontal pocket and then measures echoes off the periodontal ligament. Development issues addressed in this work included the proper design of the probe tip, which is needed to narrow the ultrasonic beam from a transducer with a 2mm diameter active area to a 0.5mm beam, which is the approximate width of the periodontal pocket at the gingival margin. The proper choice of transducer frequency, the proper method for controlling water flow from the probe, and the development of signal processing algorithms to aid in the interpretation of the echoes were also addressed. to test the ultrasonographic probe, clinical trials were conducted on 12 patients in conjunction with the Old Dominion University School of Dental Hygiene. These tests indicate that probing depth measurements obtained through the ultrasonographic probe do not correlate with manual probing depths, since ultrasonographic probing measures echoes off specific anatomical features, while manual probing measures resistance to probing force. However, ultrasonographic probing did show promise as a diagnostic tool, as ultrasonic probing depth measurements correlated to overall gingival health, as measured by the Gingival Index of Loe and Silness. In addition, ultrasonographic probing, when combined with an automated feature recognition algorithm, showed better repeatability than manual and controlled-force probing

Assessing Lesbian Gay Bisexual Resistance in Core Team Sports

The purpose of this study was to examine how sport and lesbian-gay-bisexual resistance intersect with economy, media, religion, politics, education, and race and whether those institutions reinforce the hegemonic masculinity gender construction embedded in sport. Through a review of literature, I explore whether the aforementioned institutions are incorporating sociologist Eric Anderson’s inclusive masculinity or whether they are stuck in the hegemonic form mainly in the core team sport of basketball, baseball, football and hockey. Also, I investigate if Allport’s contact hypothesis has played any role in the movement from hegemonic masculinity to inclusive masculinity. Religion, education, and economy all seem to be embracing the inclusive form of masculinity, while sport, in general, may be experiencing a slight backlash after three active gay athletes came out in core team sport in 2014

(The) atomic entities.

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Growth Occupations: Opportunities for More Equitable Participation in Detroits Growing Economy

An analysis of growing occupations and the state of equitable participation in them in Detroit

Formal and Doctrinal Differences Between Government and Private Contracts

Justice Holmes admonishes us that men must turn square corners when they deal with the Government. This Square Corner Doctrine finds application in the extensive and expanding area of government contracting. This note surveys briefly some ways in which a contract between the United States Government and a private businessman or corporation may be at variance with a contract between private parties based upon common law principles