A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SISTERS’ LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR JOB SATISFACTION IN ZETAMAN SISTERS OF THE LITTLE FLOWER CONGREGATION AT TAUNGGYI ARCHDIOCESE, SHAN STATE, MYANMAR

The purposes of this study were: 1) to compare the Sisters’ Leadership styles in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower Congregation; 2) to determine the Sisters’ Job Satisfaction levels in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower Congregation, and 3) to compare the Sisters’ Job Satisfaction among different Leadership Styles in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower.This research was conducted in Zetaman Sisters of the Little Flower Congregation, Taunggyi Archdiocese, Myanmar. All 80 sisters in the congregation were distributed the surveys and all surveys were returned.The research was designed as a survey research. The researcher identified sisters’ leadership styles, including autocratic leadership style, democratic leadership style and laissez-faire leadership style. Extrinsic job satisfaction, intrinsic job satisfaction and overall job satisfaction were used to determine the sister’s job satisfaction in this study.The collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA. The study found out that most of the sisters in congregation had practiced democratic leadership styles. The sisters’ job satisfaction was at “Satisfied” level, which meant they were satisfied with their jobs in the Congregation, Myanmar. However, the research found there was no significant difference of sisters’ job satisfaction among different leadership styles in the Congregation.Recommendation for the sisters to strengthen their leadership styles and job satisfaction by providing self-learning, peer learning, group learning to learn and share, to ensure different personal growth and to practice appropriate leadership styles which leads to the ultimate success in developing sisters in both their leadership styles and congregation

Allopurinol causing generalized exfoliative dermatitis: a case report

Erythroderma is a scaly, erythematous dermatitis of the skin, which occurs in drug allergy, malignancy and underlying skin disorders. The diagnosis is challenging because the extent of skin involvement does not always correlate with the extent of internal organ involvement. Therefore, early recognition of symptoms is vital to minimize morbidity and mortality. Case report: A 52 years old man had asymptomatic hyperuricemia and prescribed allopurinol 300mg, daily. One month later, the rashes started to appear on his trunk and then progressed to the face and upper limbs. Then it continued to spread to the lower extremities. Management involves prompt cessation of the culprit drug, administration of corticosteroids and supportive treatment. It is Concluded that Allopurinol is commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of symptomatic hyperuricemia and gout. It has been associated with erythroderma especially when used indiscriminately

Non-aqueous Emulsion for Pharmaceutical Applications: Part 1 Fundamental and Component

 บทคัดย่อ อิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบสามารถเตรียมได้จากการผสมของเหลวที่ไม่เข้ากันสองชนิด เช่น ของเหลวชนิดมีขั้วที่ไม่ใช่น้ำ-ของเหลวที่ไม่มีขั้ว โดยใช้สารอิมัลซิไซเออร์เพื่อเพิ่มความคงตัวของระบบ ปรากฏการณ์ออสวาร์ดริพเพ็นนิ่งมีบทบาทสำคัญต่อความคงตัวของอิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบ ปัจจัยหลักที่สำคัญประการหนึ่งในการพัฒนาอิมัลชันชนิดนี้ คือ ตัวทำละลายชนิดที่มีขั้วที่ไม่ใช่น้ำควรสามารถเป็นตัวทำละลายที่ดีสำหรับส่วนที่ชอบน้ำของโมเลกุลสารลดแรงตึงผิวและมีความไม่เข้ากับของเหลวที่ไม่ชอบน้ำหรือน้ำมัน ปัจจัยอื่นที่ควรคำนึงถึง คือ การเลือกสารลดแรงตึงผิวที่มีความสามารถละลายได้ในของเหลวที่ไม่เข้ากันนั้นได้ โดยมีข้อพิจารณาเพิ่มเติม คือ การเลือกใช้สารลดแรงตึงผิวที่ไม่ระคายเคืองเยื่อบุหรือเนื้อเยื่อของร่างกาย ความไม่คงตัวของอิมัลชันชนิดนี้ประกอบด้วยการเกิดการแยกชั้นครีมและการแยกตัวของส่วนผสม สามารถเตรียมอิมัลชนิดนี้ให้คงตัวได้ด้วยการใช้สารลดแรงตึงผิวชนิดบล็อกโคพอลิเมอร์ร่วมกัน และการใช้ของเหลวที่มีขั้วแต่ไม่เข้ากับน้ำมันชนิดที่เหมาะสม คำสำคัญ: อิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบ, การประยุกต์ทางเภสัชกรรม, หลักสำคัญ, ส่วนประกอบ Abstract Non-aqueous emulsions are prepared by mixing two immiscible liquids such as a non-aqueous polar liquid and a non-polar liquid with emulsifier to stabilize the system. Ostwald ripening plays a critical role in the stability of these non-aqueous emulsions. One of the main factors to develop a non-aqueous emulsion is the choice of non-aqueous polar liquids that should have the ability of a good solvent for the solvophillic part of the surfactant molecules and to make it immiscible with non-polar liquid or oil. The other factor is to select the surfactant having the ability of selective solubility in either of immiscible liquids. In addition, it is necessary to choose the surfactant that will not irritate the mucosa or tissue. This emulsion shows two types of crucial instability including creaming and breaking. The stable non-aqueous emulsions could be prepared by using two block copolymer surfactants and suitable oil-immiscible polar liquid. Keywords: non-aqueous emulsion, pharmaceutical application, fundamental, componen

Non-aqueous Emulsion for Pharmaceutical Applications: Part 2 The Development and Pharmaceutical Applications

บทคัดย่อ ขนาดอนุภาคของหยดอิมัลชัน ความหนืด คุณสมบัติทางกายภาพของรอยต่อพื้นผิวและค่าความเข้มข้นวิกฤตของไมเซลล์สามารถมีผลต่อความเสถียรของตำรับอิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบ แม้ว่าอิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบมีคุณสมบัติที่น่าสนใจแต่มีความท้าทายในด้านความคงตัวทางอุณหพลศาสตร์ของอิมัลชันชนิดนี้ในการประยุกต์ทางเภสัชกรรม มีรายงานการใช้อิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบสำหรับระบบนำส่งยาทางการรับประทานและผ่านผิวหนัง การนำส่งยากลุ่มโปรตีนและเพพไทด์  การนำส่งยาสู่ร่องลึกปริทันต์ การควบคุมการปลดปล่อยยา และเครื่องสำอาง  นอกจากนี้ยังใช้บรรจุในแคปซูลหรือตัวพาอนุภาคแม่เหล็กและเตรียมในรูปอิมัลชันเชิงซ้อนคำสำคัญ: อิมัลชันชนิดไม่มีน้ำเป็นองค์ประกอบ, การพัฒนา, การประยุกต์ทางเภสัชกรรมAbstract The particle size of droplet, viscosity, physical properties of interface and critical micelle concentration could affect the formulation of a stabile non-aqueous emulsion. However, with the attractive features of a non-aqueous emulsion system, a challenge remains for thermodynamically stable non-aqueous emulsions for further development to be applied in the pharmaceutical field. Non-aqueous emulsions have been used for oral and topical drug delivery, protein and peptide drug delivery, periodontal pocket delivery, controlled drug delivery and cosmetic application. These systems also have been filled in capsule or used as carrier for magnetite nanoparticles and prepared as the multiple emulsion. Keywords: non-aqueous emulsion, development, pharmaceutical application

เจลคอลลอยดอลซิลิกอนไดออกไซด์ปราศจากน้ำชนิดชอบน้ำและชนิดไม่ชอบน้ำ บรรจุยาโปรปราโลนอลไฮโดรคลอไรด์และกรดซาลิไซลิก Propranolol HCl and Salicylic Acid-loaded Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloidal Silicon Dioxide Anhydrous Gels

บทคัดย่อ วัตถุประสงค์: การศึกษานี้พัฒนาเจลปราศจากส่วนประกอบที่เป็นน้ำโดยการกระจายสารคอลลอยดอลซิลิกอนไดออกไซด์ชนิดชอบน้ำ (คือ Aerosil® 200) และ ชนิดไม่ชอบน้ำ (คือ Aerosil® R972) ในสารพอลิเอธิลีนไกลคอลสี่ร้อยและน้ำมันแร่ วิธีการศึกษา: เจลปราศจากส่วนประกอบที่เป็นน้ำถูกใช้บรรจุยาโปรปราโลนอลไฮโดรคลอไรด์และกรดซาลิไซลิก ซึ่งเป็นยาโมเดลของยาที่มีความชอบน้ำและไม่ชอบน้ำตามลำดับ และทำการประเมินความหนืด การปลดปล่อยยาด้วย Franz diffusion cell ผลการศึกษา: พบว่าเจลที่เตรียมจาก Aerosil® 200 ในตัวกลางที่เป็นน้ำมันแร่มีความหนืดสูง การปลดปล่อยยาทั้งสองชนิดจากเจลปราศจากส่วนประกอบที่เป็นน้ำยาวนานขึ้นเมื่อปริมาณคอลลอยดอลซิลิกอนไดออกไซด์มากขึ้น การเพิ่มความชอบน้ำให้ส่วนประกอบของเจลมีผลเพิ่มการปลดปล่อยยาโดยขึ้นกับความเข้มข้นของยา สมบัติทางเคมีกายภาพและลักษณะการปลดปล่อยยาของเจลปราศจากส่วนประกอบที่เป็นน้ำที่บรรจุยาขึ้นกับชนิดและปริมาณของคอลลอยดอลซิลิกอนไดออกไซด์และชนิดของตัวกลางที่สารกระจายตัว สรุป: เจลปราศจากส่วนประกอบที่เป็นน้ำที่เตรียมได้ที่มีความหนืดสูงและมีการปลดปล่อยยาดีมีศักยภาพในการนำส่งยาทางผิวหนัง คำสำคัญ: เจลปราศจากส่วนประกอบที่เป็นน้ำ, โปรปราโนลอลไฮโดรคลอไรด์, กรดซาลิไซลิก, คอลลอยดอลซิลิกอนไดออกไซด์Abstract Objective: To determine the physical properties and the release of propranolol HCl and salicylic acid from both hydrophilic and hydrophobic colloidal silicon dioxide gel formula using different dispersing media including hydrophilic Aerosil® 200 and hydrophobic Aerosil® R972 in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and mineral oil. Method: Propranolol HCl and salicylic acid were incorporated in these anhydrous gels as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and evaluated for their viscosities, drug release using Franz diffusion cell method. Results: A200 gel using mineral oil as dispersing medium was highly viscous. The release of both drugs from the anhydrous gels was prolonged as the amount of colloidal silicon dioxide was increased. The increased hydrophilicity of the gel component resulted in the increment of drug release with drug concentration dependence. Physicochemical characters and drug release manners of drug-loaded anhydrous gels depended on type and amount of colloidal silicon dioxide and dispersing medium.Conclusion: The obtained anhydrous gel with considerable viscosity and high drug release exhibited potential as the transdermal drug delivery. Keywords: anhydrous gel, propranolol HCl, salicylic acid, colloidal silicon dioxid

Would initiating colorectal cancer screening from age of 45 be cost-effective in Germany? An individual-level simulation analysis

BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been shown to be effective and cost-saving. However, the trend of rising incidence of early-onset CRC challenges the current national screening program solely for people ≥50 years in Germany, where extending the screening to those 45–49 years might be justified. This study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CRC screening strategies starting at 45 years in Germany.MethodDECAS, an individual-level simulation model accounting for both adenoma and serrated pathways of CRC development and validated with German CRC epidemiology and screening effects, was used for the cost-effectiveness analysis. Four CRC screening strategies starting at age 45, including 10-yearly colonoscopy (COL), annual/biennial fecal immunochemical test (FIT), or the combination of the two, were compared with the current screening offer starting at age 50 years in Germany. Three adherence scenarios were considered: perfect adherence, current adherence, and high screening adherence. For each strategy, a cohort of 100,000 individuals with average CRC risk was simulated from age 20 until 90 or death. Outcomes included CRC cases averted, prevented death, quality-adjusted life-years gained (QALYG), and total incremental costs considering both CRC treatment and screening costs. A 3% discount rate was applied and costs were in 2023 Euro.ResultInitiating 10-yearly colonoscopy-only or combined FIT + COL strategies at age 45 resulted in incremental gains of 7–28 QALYs with incremental costs of €28,360–€71,759 per 1,000 individuals, compared to the current strategy. The ICER varied from €1,029 to €9,763 per QALYG, and the additional number needed for colonoscopy ranged from 129 to 885 per 1,000 individuals. Among the alternatives, a three times colonoscopy strategy starting at 45 years of age proves to be the most effective, while the FIT-only strategy was dominated by the currently implemented strategy. The findings remained consistent across probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ConclusionThe cost-effectiveness findings support initiating CRC screening at age 45 with either colonoscopy alone or combined with FIT, demonstrating substantial gains in quality-adjusted life-years with a modest increase in costs. Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing CRC screening 5 years earlier than the current practice to achieve more significant health and economic benefits

Medical and nursing students’ knowledge of accurate blood pressure measurement procedure in University Malaysia Sarawak

Blood pressure measurement is a basic, frequently-used clinical procedure. Nowadays with increasing use of automatic devices, blood pressure measurement procedure is the most inaccurately performed by the healthcare professionals. The medical and nursing students need good knowledge of accurate measurement procedure for correct diagnosis of hypertension. Our study assessed the knowledge of blood pressure measurement procedure among medical and nursing students in Faculty of Medicine and Health Science of University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS). This was a quantitative, cross-sectional study. Data were collected from total 242 students (171 medical and 71 nursing programmes) with a pre-tested questionnaire including patient’s position, application of instruments, and measurement technique and blood pressure reading. Of 16 items tested, correct answers for 9 items were less than 70%: proper patient’s position (66.9%), choice of the arm (59.1%), appropriate cuff size(51.2%), chest piece (bell or diaphragm) of stethoscope used for listening of Korotkoff sound(11.6%), estimated inflation cuff pressure(66.1%), recommended deflation rate(65.3%), preference of last digit of blood pressure reading(60.7 %), awareness of the auscultatory gap (31.0 %), and habit of palpatory method (27.7%). 51.7% of total students (n= 242) had good knowledge scores. There was no significantly different between the medical and nursing students’ mean knowledge scores (p value=0.099). Our study found that the students need subsequent learning and practices to improve their knowledge for accurate blood pressure resul

Isolation of Plant Hormone (Indole-3-Acetic Acid - IAA) Producing Rhizobacteria and Study on Their Effects on Maize Seedling

18 rhizobacteria were isolated from various rhizospheric soils in Mandalay region, Myanmar and some of their biochemical characteristics were studied. Among them, 4 isolates belonged to Bacillus spp. and another 5 strains were recognized as Serratia spp. All 18 isolates were screened for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and quantitative determination of IAA was done for all strains by UV-Vis spectrophotometer with 2 days interval during 10 days incubation. All isolates had different optimum IAA production periods and strain R1 was the best IAA producer strain with 121.1 ppm. It was observed that Bacillus spp. produced IAA ranging from 53.1 ppm to 71.1 ppm optimally and Serratia spp. can be regarded as poor IAA producer strains. Among these 18 strains, four of the best IAA producers (R1, R3, R5, R8) were selected for further study on maize plant and their activities of nitrogen fixation were also detected by plate screening method. Seed germination rate was studied with eight types of treatment and the treatment systems with isolates cannot show distinct positive effect on seed germination rate. At 20th day after sowing, dry root weight and fresh root weight, root length, number of adventitious roots, dry shoot weight and fresh shoot weight and shoot height were measured. In pot trial experiment, treatment R1 significantly increased the fresh shoot weight, shoot height and dry shoot weight whereas treatment R3 significantly increased fresh root weight, root length, dry root weight and number of adventitious roots and all treatments with bacterial isolates showed plant growth promotion than the control systems

Emotional Intelligence Level of Year One and Two Medical Students of University Malaysia Sarawak: Association With Demographic Data

Emotional intelligence is the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to guide one’s thinking and actions. It is very important to assess as it helps to reason out our emotional responses. The objective of this study is to assess the emotional intelligence level of Year one and two medical students of UNIMAS. Majority has strength in all the domains except managing emotions domain where 51.5% need attention. No respondent fall into the development priority competency. There were no significant difference among all the domains between two groups but Year 1 students need more attention in managing emotions domain compared to Year 2 students. There was no significant association between demographic characteristics – age, residency, qualification and ethnicity – but there was a significant association (p value of 0.038) in male with empathy domain. Further study should be done on groups spanning from Year 1 to Year 5 as they have a greater difference in age as well as exposure to clinical practice which may have a significant impact on their emotional intelligence

Capital Region Collaborative Community Survey Project to Document Disparate Impacts of COVID-19

The Capital Region Collaborative Community Survey project was undertaken in December 2020- January 2021 to document the social, economic and health impacts of COVID-19 on residents in the Capital Region, particularly in the city of Albany with an emphasis on the impacts on Black and African American (B/AA) communities (n=239). Key findings included B/AA participants reported experiencing general racism or racial discrimination significantly more than other racial groups as did Hispanics. The pandemic impacted employment of Capital Region residents significantly as half of the respondents either lost their jobs or had their hours reduced. B/AA individuals were more likely than others to have both their work hours reduced and increased, which aligns with their status as frontline workers in healthcare, food service, groceries and transportation. B/AA were more concerned about losing housing in the near future. Of respondents with children (n=80) 71% reported that the pandemic had affected their child’s emotions very or somewhat negatively with similar percentages reporting that it had affected their child’s school work and child’s social activities very or somewhat negatively. There were no differences between B/AA and Others (members of all other respondent groups combined) in these domains. Reported high rates of regular mask-wearing and vaccine intent were promising, although 19% of B/AA individuals were extremely or somewhat unlikely to receive a vaccine vs only 11.8% of Others. Vaccine safety was the most frequent reason for hesitancy among B/AA respondents. Even though the internet and social media were common sources of information, they were not deemed as trustworthy as doctors, state and federal health organizations, and community clinics. Internet access was very high in this sample of Albany residents. The authors recommend 1) More transparency in communication from public officials; 2) More localization in the distribution of resources – including food, testing, and vaccination; 3) Expansion of community based mental health services and funding of research to determine if there are barriers to obtaining a primary care provider or physician outside of a lack of health insurance: 4) Funding of research into how individuals access the internet and their online information-seeking behaviors, including barriers to information seeking; 5) Supports to address food insecurity (caused by suspension of subsidized school breakfasts and lunches, and low-quality substitutions; and/or having additional family members in households who had been displaced from their housing), and housing insecurity (e.g., rent support); and 6) Supports for children suffering from isolation, lack of physical activity, and supports for parents to assist children with online learning, including guidance and recommendations on how to best support their child’s emotional stability, mental health, and coping strategies