「上海遊記」の「徐家匯」 : 基督教受容史に芥川の見出した「近代」

千葉大学社会文化科学研究科研究プロジェクト報告書第120集『日本近代文学と宗教』所

Komplex biodiverzitás-tanulmányok kéregtelepű zuzmótaxonokon. II. További taxonok, újabb módszerek = Complex biodiversity studies on crustose lichens II. Further taxa, new methods

Összeállítottuk a hazai zuzmók (lichenizált gombák) 196 nemzetséghez tartozó 864 fajának és a zuzmólakó mikrogombák 38 nemzetséghez tartozó 54 fajának revideált fajlistáját. Florisztikai kutatásaink eredményeként Magyarország flórájára 29 zuzmófajt és 3 mikrogombafajt újként mutattunk ki. Közreműködtünk 8 zuzmófaj (Cetraria aculeata, Cladonia arbuscula, C. magyarica, C. mitis, C. rangiferina, Usnea florida, Xanthoparmelia pseudohungarica és X. subdiffluens) törvényes védelmének elérésében (23/2005(VIII.31) KvVM; 18/2008(VI.19.) KvVM). Igazoltuk 3 hazai Toninia faj (T. opuntioides, T. physaroides és T. sedifolia) különálló előfordulását, és kisebb különbségeket mutattunk ki a populációk között ITS, nucLSU és nucSSU szekvenciák alapján. A T. physaroides szekvenciái újak a GenBank adatbázis számára. E fajok élőhely-preferenciája különbözött a talajréteg-vastagság és a talajkarbonát-tartalom vonatkozásában. HPLC vizsgálatunk jelentős eltérést mutatott ki az eltérő környezetminőségű élőhelyek zuzmópopulációiban HPTLC-vel azonosított zuzmóanyagok mennyiségében. A változások genetikai hátterének kutatása azonban nem jelzett különbséget. A trópusi esőerdők bioindikációjában jelentős szerepet betöltő levéllakó kéregtelepű zuzmók újabb svéd és magyar (Thor 1985, Pócs 2003) Fiji szigeteki gyűjtéseinek feldolgozása alapján a területről igazolt 78 faj közül 70 a területre új adat, 3 faj pedig a tudományra nézve is új (Calopadia fijiensis, Porina kadavuensis, P. taveuniensis). | The checklist of Hungarian lichen-forming fungi was compiled. It contains 864 species of 196 genera. Further 54 lichenicolous fungi of 38 genera are also listed. From recent collections 29 lichen species and 3 species of lichenicolous fungi are new for the flora of Hungary. Due to our research activity 8 lichen species (Cetraria aculeata, Cladonia arbuscula, C. magyarica, C. mitis, C. rangiferina, Usnea florida, Xanthoparmelia pseudohungarica and X. subdiffluens) became protected by law (23/2005(VIII.31) KvVM; 18/2008(VI.19) KvVM). Independent occurrence of 3 Toninia species (T. opuntioides, T. physaroides and T. sedifolia) and slight differences among their populations were justified by ITS, nucLSU and nucSSU sequences. The sequences of T. physaroides are new for database GenBank. Habitat preferences of these species are different in thickness and carbonate content of soil under lichen thalli. According to HPLC investigations of lichen substances identified by HPTLC from various environmental conditions differ quantitatively. However, no molecular genetic differences affected by these conditions were detectable. Foliicolous crustose lichens important in bioindication of tropical rainforests were studied in recent Swedish and Hungarian (Thor 1985, Pócs 2003) collections from Fiji Islands. From the 78 species currently known, 70 are new for the investigated area, 3 species (Calopadia fijiensis, Porina kadavuensis, P. taveuniensis) are also new for science

Data from: Species diversification and phylogenetically constrained symbiont switching generated high modularity in the lichen genus Peltigera

1. Ecological interactions range from purely specialized to extremely generalized in nature. Recent research has showed very high levels of specialization in the cyanolichens involving Peltigera (mycobionts) and their Nostoc photosynthetic partners (cyanobionts). Yet, little is known about the mechanisms contributing to the establishment and maintenance of such high specialization levels. 2. Here, we characterized interactions between Peltigera and Nostoc partners at a global scale, using more than one thousand thalli. We used tools from network theory, community phylogenetics and biogeographical history reconstruction to evaluate how these symbiotic interactions may have evolved. 3. After splitting the interaction matrix into modules of preferentially interacting partners, we evaluated how module membership might have evolved along the mycobionts’ phylogeny. We also teased apart the contributions of geographical overlap vs phylogeny in driving interaction establishment between Peltigera and Nostoc taxa. 4. Module affiliation rarely evolves through the splitting of large ancestral modules. Instead, new modules appear to emerge independently, which is often associated with a fungal speciation event. We also found strong phylogenetic signal in these interactions, which suggests that partner switching is constrained by conserved traits. Therefore, it seems that a high rate of fungal diversification following a switch to a new cyanobiont can lead to the formation of large modules, with cyanobionts associating with multiple closely retated Peltigera species. 5. Finally, when restricting our analyses to Peltigera sister species, the latter differed more through partner acquisition/loss than replacement (i.e., switching). This pattern vanishes as we look at sister species that have diverged longer ago. This suggests that fungal speciation may be accompanied by a stepwise process of (1) novel partner acquisition and (2) loss of the ancestral partner. This could explain the maintenance of high specialization levels in this symbiotic system where the transmission of the cyanobiont to the next generation is assumed to be predominantly horizontal. 6. Synthesis. Overall, our study suggests that oscillation between generalization and ancestral partner loss may maintain high specialization within the lichen genus Peltigera, and that partner selection is not only driven by partners’ geographical overlap, but also by their phylogenetically conserved traits

Peltigera dataset

Description of sampled thalli for this stud

Evolution of specificity in the lichen-forming genus Peltigera and its cyanobacterial partner: consequences on speciation rate and geographical range

Variation in specificity among symbiotic partners is key to a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of symbiotic systems. This variation is expected to occur within species as well as within a broader inter-species phylogenetic framework. We assessed the level of specificity of lichen-forming Peltigera species of the section Polydactylon (mycobiont) and their cyanobacterial partner Nostoc (cyanobiont), by inferring the phylogeny of the mycobiont, based on five nuclear loci, and of their respective cyanobionts, using the rbcLX region. A total of 208 lichen thalli, representing ca. 40 putative Peltigera species, were sampled worldwide. We found a broad spectrum of specificity for both partners, ranging from strict specialists to generalists. However, mycobionts are usually more specialized than cyanobionts by associating mostly with one or a few Nostoc phylogroups, whereas cyanobionts associate frequently with several Peltigera species. A relatively recent colonization of a new geographic area (South America) seems correlated with a switch to a generalist pattern of association by the mycobiont, and an increased rate of diversification. Specialization of the mycobiont seems to be acquired through time, i.e., favored in areas where species have been established for long periods of time, and to be associated with lower mycobiont genetic diversity. Overall, geographic ranges of these Peltigera species increase with the number of phylogroups with which they can form successful symbioses. Therefore, the evolution of specificity seems to play a key role in defining the geographical range of mycobiont species and cyanobiont phylogroups, and in mediating shifts in diversification rates of these Peltigera species