The Rights and Liabilities of the Bengal Raiyats Under Tenancy Legislation From 1885 to 1947.

The British Administration promised at the time of the Permanent Settlement of 1793 in Bengal, to enact such laws as it might think necessary for the protection and welfare of the raiyats. But it was not until the enactment of the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1835, that fulfilment of that promise was achieved, and the law of landlord and tenant in agricultural land in Bengal was codified. The object of this thesis is to expound the rights and liabilities of the Bengal raiyats as defined in the Act and subsequent legislation up to 1947. Chapter 1 is introductory: it indicates what rights the raiyats had in land before the commencement of the British Administration in Bengal and explains hog the Code of Lord Cornwallis, and subsequent legislation up to 1859, failed to protect their interests against the zemindars. The failure of the Rent Acts of 1859 and 1869 to safeguard their interests is discussed as well as the circumstances leading up to the enactment of the famous Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885. Chapter 2 deals with the classes of raiyats and the incidents of their tenures. Particular attention is paid to the development of the concept of occupancy right. Chapter 3 relates to the rights of raiyats given by the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 and a comparison is made between these rights and those occurring under the Rent Acts of 1859 and 1869. Chapter 4 explains the raivats' liability for rent and the failure of the attempt to introduce the theory of rent, as propounded by Ricardo and other Western Economists. Chatter 5 deals with the rules governing payment and suspension of rent and the attempts of the British Administration to prevent zemindars imposing illegal imposts on raiyats. Chapter 6 deals with the grounds of enhancement and reduction of rent and the procedure by which they were effected. Chapter 7 explains the various modes of recovery of arrears of rent, and the restrictions imposed on the zemindar seeking to realise arrears. Chapter 8 deals with the grounds on which a raiyat could have been ejected from his holding and the procedure that followed. In Chapter 9, the last chapter, the development of the law from the Permanent Settlement, which at first resulted in the enhancement of the zemindar's status and derogation of the status of the raiyat, to his rehabilitation by the Act of 1885 is briefly set out, together with the subsequent change of policy, resulting in the abolition of the zemindar and the vesting of title in the cultivator, holding directly under government, with an occupancy right but subject to a ceiling regarding the extent of his holding

Traditional Profession and Livelihood: A Study on Sweeper Community

The study aims to find the trend of traditional profession, livelihood situation of sweeper community and causes behind the living in between poverty in Bangladesh. Survey and focus group discussion (FGD) were taken as method. The findings show that all household of the sweeper are being deprived from socio economic advantages, comparatively with general community. Most of the sweeper's households are burden by excess expenditure over income. They are depending on loan from informal sector. Over the generation, they have not been changing their profession radically due to several causes. Government and non- government sector should take more initiative that ensures sweeper communities access to same rights and services enjoyed by mainstream society. Immediate action is necessary to uplift and reform their livelihood and professio

Priority Setting for Mine Action

Due to a lack of resources to enable all mine-affected communities to be cleared, countries must prioritize mine action activities. The following article addresses prioritization and suggests a new model to help improve the process

Policy Failure on Poverty Reduction in Bangladesh: Seeking an Alternative through RNFE

Poverty remains an overarching problem for policy makers in Bangladesh since its independence in 1971. Though the country has experimented different socialist as well as open market policies to alleviate poverty, still more than 40 per cent of its population remain below the national poverty line. This paper attempts a critical evaluation of the contemporary poverty reduction policies implemented in Bangladesh and argues why such policies have failed to succeed at the given socio-economic structure of Bangladesh. A framework of analysis has been developed to delineate these arguments graphically. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates why the development of Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) would be a better policy option to alleviate poverty under the current socio-economic context of Bangladesh, and presents a statistical model that can be used as an alternative framework for poverty reduction through RNFE development in Bangladesh. Similar models may also be adopted in other developing countries of Asia

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward Tuberculosis in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional mixed methods study

In Bangladesh, Tuberculosis (TB) is a key public health concern. In this study we assessed knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) towards TB among the general population. A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted between March and August 2014, where a total of 400 adults were interviewed at Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The overall knowledge of TB was very limited despite 99.5% of the study respondents having heard of TB. About 99.0% stated correctly that cough was one of the major signs and symptoms of TB. About 39.0% mentioned that through airborne disease someone could get TB. With regard to curability of TB, 362 people replied that TB can be cured. About 77.0% informed that TB could be cured by taking medicines such as antibiotics or others. Sixty five percent of respondents knew someone who had have TB. The mean summary score for TB knowledge was 40 out of 100 (SD 0.5). Regression analysis shows that people with tertiary level of education were connected with higher TB knowledge and people having no income were related with lower TB knowledge. A lack of awareness was associated to delay in seeking treatment because people did not recognize the symptoms of tuberculosis. To improve knowledge of TB among people having no income or even lower income group more emphasis should be given and also more awareness is required to develop the individual’s perception amongst their neighbors in the study area. The alertness campaigns for TB knowledge should be a major concern countrywide in Bangladesh

Mobile Banking for Empowerment Muslim Women Entrepreneur: Evidence from Asia (Indonesia and Bangladesh)

Abstract Objective -Women entrepreneurs have positive contribution to the household economy in particular, and the sustainable economic development in general. Nevertheless, there are limitations in mobility for women entrepreneurs, especially in Muslim countries to conduct their business activities outside the home, which was due to concern, to take care of their children, and the values or customs, which is embraced by the local community, so that limited mobility of women entrepreneurs, not because of the Islamic religiosity. Therefore, is requires form of technology solutions for women entrepreneurs, which can reduce, the limitations. Methods -literature review Results -the role of mobile banking as well as branchless banking for women entrepreneurs has been shown to have a very important role to connect their access to financial services. The role of education for women, is also an important factor to improve the knowledge and ability to use technology, including mobile banking services. In addition to the phenomenon of the increasing number of women entrepreneurs and the growing literacy of women in developing countries such as Indonesia and Bangladesh, it will have an impact on increasing the professionalism of women entrepreneurs, and the demand for technology-based financial services such as mobile banking. Conclusions -Implementation of this program must have the support of all stakeholders, including the cooperation between the banks with microfinance institutions to expand the reach of the benefits of this technology

Sundarban mangroves: diversity, ecosystem services and climate change impacts

The Bengal delta coast harboring the famous Sundarban mangroves is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Already, salinity intrusion, increasing cyclones and anomalies in rainfall, and temperature, are causing many social and livelihood problems. However, our knowledge on the diversified climate change impacts on Sundarban ecosystems services, providing immense benefits, including foods, shelters, livelihood, and health amenities, is very limited. Therefore, this article has systematically reviewed the major functional aspects, and highlights on biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and services of the Sunderban mangroves, with respect to variations in climatic factors. The mangrove ecosystems are highly productive in terms of forest biomass, and nutrient contribution, especially through detritus-based food webs, to support rich biodiversity in the wetlands and adjacent estuaries. Sundarban mangroves also play vital role in atmospheric CO2 sequestration, sediment trapping and nutrient recycling. Sea level rise will engulf a huge portion of the mangroves, while the associated salinity increase is posing immense threats to biodiversity and economic losses. Climate-mediated changes in riverine discharge, tides, temperature, rainfall and evaporation will determine the wetland nutrient variations, influencing the physiological and ecological processes, thus biodiversity and productivity of Sundarban mangroves. Hydrological changes in wetland ecosystems through increased salinity and cyclones will lower the food security, and also induce human vulnerabilities to waterborne diseases. Scientific investigations producing high resolution data to identify Sundarban‟s multidimensional vulnerabilities to various climatic regimes are essential. Sustainable plans and actions are required integrating conservation and climate change adaptation strategies, including promotion of alternative livelihoods. Thus, interdisciplinary approaches are required to address the future climatic disasters, and better protection of invaluable ecosystem services of the Sunderban mangroves.Fil: Neogi, Sucharit Basu. Coastal Development Partnership; Bangladesh. Osaka Prefecture University; Japón. Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology GmbH; AlemaniaFil: Dey, Mouri. University of Chittagong; BangladeshFil: Lutful Kabir, S. M.. Bangladesh Agricultural University; BangladeshFil: Masum, Syed Jahangir H.. Coastal Development Partnership; BangladeshFil: Kopprio, Germán Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology GmbH; AlemaniaFil: Yamasaki, Shinji. Osaka Prefecture University; JapónFil: Lara, Ruben Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentin

Arthritis as a presentation of acute leukemia

A 14 year old boy presented with 3 months history of low back pain as well as pain and swelling of both knee joints. The pain was inflammatory in nature. He was thoroughly evaluated but no underlying cause was detected. However, the boy was treated with NSAIDs and sulphasalazine. A few weeks later he developed anemia and took the blood transfusion. Then he developed fever and the joint pain re-appeared. On examination, the patient was found moderately anemic, positive bony tenderness and splenomegaly. Musculoskeletal examination revealed right knee joint effusion. The investigation revealed pancytopenia. Bone marrow morphology and immunophenotyping revealed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We treated the patient according to modified UKALL-2003 protocol and patient condition improved and arthritis disappeared

Arthritis as a presentation of acute leukemia

A 14 year old boy presented with 3 months history of low back pain as well as pain and swelling of both knee joints. The pain was inflammatory in nature. He was thoroughly evaluated but no underlying cause was detected. However, the boy was treated with NSAIDs and sulphasalazine. A few weeks later he developed anemia and took the blood transfusion. Then he developed fever and the joint pain re-appeared. On examination, the patient was found moderately anemic, positive bony tenderness and splenomegaly. Musculoskeletal examination revealed right knee joint effusion. The investigation revealed pancytopenia. Bone marrow morphology and immunophenotyping revealed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We treated the patient according to modified UKALL-2003 protocol and patient condition improved and arthritis disappeared