Cholesteryl oleate:Mounting sex pheromone of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae)

The moulting sex pheromone of Dermacentor variabilis, the American dog tick, is cholesteryl oleate. This steryl ester, when present in amounts from about 1 to 0.1 female equivalents elicited male mounting responses that were indistinguishable from the natural controls. Other steryl esters present on the tick's body surface also elicited responses, but a significantly lower intensity than cholesteryl oleate. Long regarded as a waste product of vertebrate blood feeding, this material is secreted by sexually mature females during feeding and accumulates on the surface of the body cuticle. Mate-seeking males, attracted to the females by the presence of 2,6-dichlorophenol, recognize and mount the feeding females. The accumulation of cholesteryl oleate on the female's body surface during blood feeding is an indication of successful parasitism and acts as a signal of female mating readiness. Compounds of unknown composition that co-chromatographed with steryl esters were also found in fed females of 4 other ixodid tick species. Bioassays performed with crude extracts of these different species suggest that mounting sex pheromones are widespread in the Ixodidae and may also use the same or similar steryl esters, either alone or in mixtures, as in D. variabilis

Desenvolvimento pós-desmame, escores visuais ao sobreano e características de carcaça de novilhas desmamadas aos 100 ou 180 dias de idade Post-weaning growth, visual scores at yearling age and carcass traits of heifers weaned at 100 or 180 days of age

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do desmame aos 100 (DP) ou 180 (DC) dias de idade no desenvolvimento de fêmeas Braford até os 18 meses. As bezerras do DP foram suplementadas diariamente por 63 dias a 1% do peso vivo com ração comercial contendo 18% de proteína bruta e 74% de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Avaliou-se o ganho médio diário do nascimento aos 205 dias (G205), deste aos 365 dias (G365) e do último aos 550 dias (G550). Tomou-se o peso vivo ajustado aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 dias de idade (P550). Ao sobreano, os escores visuais de conformação (C), precocidade (P) e musculatura (M) foram avaliados e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), medidas pela técnica de ultra-som. O G205 e o P205 foram significativamente inferiores para as novilhas do DP (0,752 kg/dia; 187,0 kg) em relação às novilhas do DC (0,885 kg/dia; 214,1 kg). Entretanto, as novilhas do DP tiveram G365 significativamente superiores (0,231 kg/dia) às novilhas do DC (0,112 kg/dia), ocasionando P365 semelhantes entre tratamentos (DP = 223,9 kg; DC = 231,9 kg). O G550 não diferiu entre tratamentos, sendo 0,525 kg/dia para as novilhas do DP e 0,513 kg/dia para as novilhas do DC. Conseqüentemente, o P550 também não sofreu influência da idade de desmame (DP = 320,6 kg; DC = 326,3 kg). Os escores visuais de C, P e M não foram influenciados pela idade de desmame, sendo as médias para as novilhas do DP de 4,0; 4,1 e 3,6 para C, P e M e para as do DC de 4,2; 4,1 e 3,9, respectivamente. A idade de desmame também não influenciou a AOL (DP = 41,4 cm²; DC = 43,3 cm²) e a EGS (DP = 2,5 mm; DC = 2,7 mm). Os resultados indicam que novilhas desmamadas aos 100 dias de idade são mais leves ao desmame, porém, com nível nutricional adequado, alcançam aos 12 e 18 meses pesos vivos semelhantes às desmamadas aos seis meses de idade.<br>This work was conducted with the aim to evaluate the influence of weaning age at 100 (EW) or 180 (CW) days old on the growth of Braford heifers until approximately 18 months old. The calves of EW were daily supplemented during 63 days, at quantity of 1% of their live weight, with a comercial ration with 18% of crude protein and 74% of total digestible nutrients. Average daily gain from birth to 205 days (G205), from this one until 365 days (G365) and from the last one until 550 days (G550) were evaluated. Live weight adjusted at 205 days (W205), at 365 days (W365) and at 550 days old (W550) were recorded. At yearling age, the visual scores of conformation (C), precocity (P) and musculature (M) were evaluated and the rib eye area (REA) and the subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) were measured by ultrasound technique. G205 and the W205 were significantly lower for EW heifers (0.752 kg/day; 187.0 kg) than CW heifers (0.885 kg/day; 214.1 kg). However, EW heifers had G365 significantly higher (0.231 kg/day) than the CW heifers (0.112 kg/day) and, consequently, both were similar at W365 (EW= 223.9 kg; CW= 231.9 kg). The G550 did not differ among treatments, being 0.525 kg/day for the EW heifers and 0.513 kg/day for the CW heifers. Consequently, W550 was not affected by weaning age (EW= 320.6 kg; CW= 326.3 kg). The visual scores of C, P and M were not affected by the weaning age, and the means for the EW heifers were of 4.0; 4.1 and 3.6 and for the CW heifers of 4.2; 4.1 and 3.9, respectively. Weaning age also did not affect REA (EW= 41.4 cm²; CW= 43.3 cm²) and the SFT (EW= 2.5 mm; CW= 2.7 mm). The results showed that heifers weaned at 100 days of age are lighter at weaning however, with an adequate post weaning nutritional level, they get at 18 months similar live weights to that ones weaned at six months of age