Mouse models of neurodegenerative disease: preclinical imaging and neurovascular component.

Neurodegenerative diseases represent great challenges for basic science and clinical medicine because of their prevalence, pathologies, lack of mechanism-based treatments, and impacts on individuals. Translational research might contribute to the study of neurodegenerative diseases. The mouse has become a key model for studying disease mechanisms that might recapitulate in part some aspects of the corresponding human diseases. Neurode- generative disorders are very complicated and multifacto- rial. This has to be taken in account when testing drugs. Most of the drugs screening in mice are very di cult to be interpretated and often useless. Mouse models could be condiderated a ‘pathway models’, rather than as models for the whole complicated construct that makes a human disease. Non-invasive in vivo imaging in mice has gained increasing interest in preclinical research in the last years thanks to the availability of high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), high eld Magnetic resonance, Optical Imaging scanners and of highly speci c contrast agents. Behavioral test are useful tool to characterize di erent ani- mal models of neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, many authors have observed vascular pathological features associated to the di erent neurodegenerative disorders. Aim of this review is to focus on the di erent existing animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, describe behavioral tests and preclinical imaging techniques used for diagnose and describe the vascular pathological features associated to these diseases

ICAR: endoscopic skull‐base surgery

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Ten year follow up case control study of the effect of portal vein embolization (PVE) on the survival of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and the influence of hypoxia factors on tumour growth

PVE facilitates hepatectomy in patients with a small anticipated future liver remnant, but stimulates tumour growth. Hypoxia may mediate this increased tumour growth as Hypoxia-Inducible-Factor-1a (HIF-1a) increases angiogenesis, invasion and other Hallmarks of Cancer. This study investigates the relationship of patient survival to expression of HIF-1a and other hypoxia factors regulated in resected CRLM, in a case control study, comparing patients with and without PVE

Ten year follow up case control study of the effect of portal vein embolization (PVE) on the survival of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and the influence of hypoxia factors on tumour growth

PVE facilitates hepatectomy in patients with a small anticipated future liver remnant, but stimulates tumour growth. Hypoxia may mediate this increased tumour growth as Hypoxia-Inducible-Factor-1a (HIF-1a) increases angiogenesis, invasion and other Hallmarks of Cancer. This study investigates the relationship of patient survival to expression of HIF-1a and other hypoxia factors regulated in resected CRLM, in a case control study, comparing patients with and without PVE