305 research outputs found
An integrated passive and active retrofitting approach toward minimum whole-life carbon footprint
The state-of-the-art retrofitting strategies generally use either passive or active measures to reduce carbon emissions during its operating stage. The coordination among a range of passive and active energy devices is not considered while the concept of whole-life carbon emission minimisation is not introduced. To overcome these three research gaps and to transform existing office buildings toward minimum whole-life carbon emissions, an integrated passive and active retrofitting approach is proposed. Through two inter-related design optimisation and operating optimisation processes, the set of retrofitting options can be identified to achieve overall optimal economic, energy, and environmental performance. The first research gap, lack of simultaneous consideration of various active and passive retrofitting measures, is solved by the whole system simulation of a range of active and passive refurbishment measures. The second research gap, lack of coordination among a range of active energy devices, is solved by iteratively determining the optimal operating schedules of active energy devices with overall retrofitting plan at the design stage. The third research gap, lack of whole-life carbon emission minimisation, is solved by simultaneously minimising both embodied and operating carbon emissions. A real three-floor office building acquiring retrofitting is used to test the effectiveness of this integrated passive and active retrofitting approach. Compared to the building at its current status, there could be 44%, 74% and 68% reduction in lifelong costs, carbon emissions and energy usages if the proposed retrofitting strategy is adopted. Compared to retrofitting the building using the state-of-the-art âdesign optimisation onlyâ strategy, the proposed retrofitting approach can reduce 5.36%-34.37% whole-life energy consumption and 4.31%-51.10% carbon emissions. Compared to retrofitting the building using the state-of-the-art âoperating carbon emission onlyâ strategy, there is 11.92%, 10.55%, and 10.48% reduction in whole-life cost, energy usage and carbon emissions, respectively. Therefore, this paper is innovative in an aspect that minimum whole-life carbon emissions can be reached through integrated design of passive and active retrofitting measures. It can provide building owners, energy engineers and decision-makers with insightful building retrofitting solutions to tackle the energy crisis and climate change problems. This proposed retrofitting approach can also be modified to provide guidance in designing new low-carbon buildings
Control Optimization of Combined Cooling and Power System with Prime Mover of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-gas Turbine for Building Application
© 2017 The Authors. This paper presents a control strategy for a combined cooling and power (CCP) system using a prime mover of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with bottoming cycle of gas turbine (GT) for building application. Dynamic simulation model of the CCP system was developed in TRNSYS 17, and the control strategy was developed for year-round operation in response to the changing climatic and loading conditions. The capacity ratio of cells in operation; the ratio of exhaust heat delivered to GT; and the ratio of cooling load shared between absorption and compression chillers were chosen as the decision variables in the control strategy. In order to minimize the system energy consumption, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was constructed in MATLAB and coupled with TRNSYS 17 for control optimization. It was found that with the proposed control strategy, the yearly energy saving of the SOFC-GT CCP system would be 6.89% compared to the reference case
Electronic Structure of the BaFeAs Family of Iron Pnictides
We use high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study the
band structure and Fermi surface topology of the BaFeAs iron pnictides.
We observe two electron bands and two hole bands near the X-point,
of the Brillouin zone, in the paramagnetic state for different doping levels,
including electron-doped Ba(CoFe)As, undoped
BaFeAs, and hole-doped BaKFeAs. Among these
four bands, only the electron bands cross the Fermi level, forming two electron
pockets around X, while the hole bands approach but never reach the Fermi
level. We show that the band structure of the BaFeAs family matches
reasonably well with the prediction of LDA calculations after a
momentum-dependent shift and renormalization. Our finding resolves a number of
inconsistencies regarding the electronic structure of pnictides.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Life cycle assessment approach for renewable multi-energy system: A comprehensive analysis
In response to the gradual degradation of natural sources, there is a growing interest in adopting renewable resources for various building energy supply. In this study, a comprehensive life cycle assessment approach is proposed for a renewable multi-energy system (MES) to evaluate its primary energy consumption, economy cost and carbon emission from cradle to grave. The MES, consisting of passive side and active side, is fully driven by renewable energy including solar, wind and biomass. On the passive side, building integrated photovoltaic, solar collector and wind turbines are adopted. On the active side, the biomass-fuelled combined cooling heating and power system (CCHP) serves as the primary energy supplier. The electric compression chiller and biomass boiler are adopted when the thermal energy from the CCHP system is not sufficient, while electricity is imported from the city power grid when the electricity demand is low. A representative office building in the United Kingdom and real-life inventory data is adopted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed life cycle assessment approach. Through life cycle assessment, the advantages and disadvantages of the MES are compared with the reference CCHP system and conventional separate system in view of life cycle primary energy consumption, economy cost and carbon emission. Moreover, to gain an insight into the life cycle performance, the sensitivity analysis is conducted on the rated capacity of the power generation unit, climate zones, life span, recycle ratio and interest rate. The life cycle cost of MES is relatively higher than the conventional separate system mainly owing to the high construction cost of BIPV, wind turbine, solar collector and biomass feedstock. However, its life cycle primary energy consumption and carbon emission are much lower. It is believed that the proposed life cycle assessment approach can provide useful guidelines for government in policymaking and for building engineers in retrofitting works
The in-plane paraconductivity in La_{2-x}Sr_xCuO_4 thin film superconductors at high reduced-temperatures: Independence of the normal-state pseudogap
The in-plane resistivity has been measured in (LSxCO)
superconducting thin films of underdoped (), optimally-doped
() and overdoped () compositions. These films were grown
on (100)SrTiO substrates, and have about 150 nm thickness. The in-plane
conductivity induced by superconducting fluctuations above the superconducting
transition (the so-called in-plane paraconductivity, ) was
extracted from these data in the reduced-temperature range
10^{-2}\lsim\epsilon\equiv\ln(T/\Tc)\lsim1. Such a
was then analyzed in terms of the
mean-field--like Gaussian-Ginzburg-Landau (GGL) approach extended to the
high- region by means of the introduction of a total-energy cutoff,
which takes into account both the kinetic energy and the quantum localization
energy of each fluctuating mode. Our results strongly suggest that at all
temperatures above Tc, including the high reduced-temperature region, the
doping mainly affects in LSxCO thin films the normal-state properties and that
its influence on the superconducting fluctuations is relatively moderate: Even
in the high- region, the in-plane paraconductivity is found to be
independent of the opening of a pseudogap in the normal state of the underdoped
films.Comment: 35 pages including 10 figures and 1 tabl
Quantifying atmospheric nitrogen deposition through a nationwide monitoring network across China
A Nationwide Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring Network (NNDMN) containing 43 monitoring sites was established in China to measure gaseous NH3, NO2, and HNO3 and particulate NH4+ and NO3â in air and/or precipitation from 2010 to 2014. Wet/bulk deposition fluxes of Nr species were collected by precipitation gauge method and measured by continuous-flow analyzer; dry deposition fluxes were estimated using airborne concentration measurements and inferential models. Our observations reveal large spatial variations of atmospheric Nr concentrations and dry and wet/bulk Nr deposition. On a national basis, the annual average concentrations (1.3â47.0 ÎŒg N mâ3) and dry plus wet/bulk deposition fluxes (2.9â83.3 kg N haâ1 yrâ1) of inorganic Nr species are ranked by land use as urban > rural > background sites and by regions as north China > southeast China > southwest China > northeast China > northwest China > Tibetan Plateau, reflecting the impact of anthropogenic Nr emission. Average dry and wet/bulk N deposition fluxes were 20.6 ± 11.2 (mean ± standard deviation) and 19.3 ± 9.2 kg N haâ1 yrâ1 across China, with reduced N deposition dominating both dry and wet/bulk deposition. Our results suggest atmospheric dry N deposition is equally important to wet/bulk N deposition at the national scale. Therefore, both deposition forms should be included when considering the impacts of N deposition on environment and ecosystem health
Measurements of J/psi Decays into 2(pi+pi-)eta and 3(pi+pi-)eta
Based on a sample of 5.8X 10^7 J/psi events taken with the BESII detector,
the branching fractions of J/psi--> 2(pi+pi-)eta and J/psi-->3(pi+pi-)eta are
measured for the first time to be (2.26+-0.08+-0.27)X10^{-3} and
(7.24+-0.96+-1.11)X10^{-4}, respectively.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
BESII Detector Simulation
A Monte Carlo program based on Geant3 has been developed for BESII detector
simulation. The organization of the program is outlined, and the digitization
procedure for simulating the response of various sub-detectors is described.
Comparisons with data show that the performance of the program is generally
satisfactory.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, uses elsart.cls, to be submitted to NIM
Measurement of branching fractions for the inclusive Cabibbo-favored ~K*0(892) and Cabibbo-suppressed K*0(892) decays of neutral and charged D mesons
The branching fractions for the inclusive Cabibbo-favored ~K*0 and
Cabibbo-suppressed K*0 decays of D mesons are measured based on a data sample
of 33 pb-1 collected at and around the center-of-mass energy of 3.773 GeV with
the BES-II detector at the BEPC collider. The branching fractions for the
decays D+(0) -> ~K*0(892)X and D0 -> K*0(892)X are determined to be BF(D0 ->
\~K*0X) = (8.7 +/- 4.0 +/- 1.2)%, BF(D+ -> ~K*0X) = (23.2 +/- 4.5 +/- 3.0)% and
BF(D0 -> K*0X) = (2.8 +/- 1.2 +/- 0.4)%. An upper limit on the branching
fraction at 90% C.L. for the decay D+ -> K*0(892)X is set to be BF(D+ -> K*0X)
< 6.6%
Study of
New data are presented on from a sample of 58M
events in the upgraded BES II detector at the BEPC. There is a
conspicuous signal for and a peak at higher mass which
may be fitted with . From a combined analysis with
data, the branching ratio
is at the 95%
confidence level.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to Phys. Lett.
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