The Ideological Evolution of the Pioneer Movement in the USSR, the GDR and Yugoslavia in the Context of Post-Conflict Projects of a Human

The article examines the discourse of post-conflict projects of a human that appeared or were transformed as a result of the Second World War. The author distinguishes between the terms “post-war” and “post-conflict”. If the first one means only a period of time after any war, then the second one implies the final stage in the life cycle of a conflict. The “hot” phase of a conflict proceeded in the form of war, whereas the final stage is marked by the restructuring of projects of a human and their adaptation to new realities. From the point of view of creating the desirable future, it is children and youth that are the most important material for the actors and institutions of designing a human. The article analyzes changes in the activities of pioneer organizations of the USSR, the GDR, and Yugoslavia. It is noted that the reforms carried out in the Soviet Union also affected other countries of the socialist camp. The main goal is the realization of a new project of a human. A diligent student and adult assistant replaced the young revolutionary fighter and partisan hero. Pioneer self-government was increasingly subordinated to the school as an educational institution. The Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organization, founded in East Germany in 1948, sought to form a peaceful, collectivist personality. Much attention was paid to overcoming the experience of the war and participation in Nazi children’s organizations. In the post-war period, the Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia (“Tito’s pioneers”), created in 1942, was focused on the common to the socialist camp direction of work with children. However, it wasthis country where the tendency towards the demilitarization ofthe pioneer movement was most clearly manifested, and started being regarded as an institution for organizing leisure and education in a peaceful manner

Revisiting the methods of Artemia reproductive performance test (Anostraca: Crustacea)

Artemia cf. parthenogenetica Bowen and Sterling, 1978 is widely distributed in the saline lakes of Northern Kazakhstan. Female Artemia can easily be recognized by a brood pouch full of cysts before being released. The number of cysts can be used to estimate both individual reproductive performance and the entire population. During the studies involving Artemia reproductive performance, it was observed that throughout the growing season, in the water bodies, there were females whose well-developed brood pouches were partially filled with cysts. Thus, we were confronted with a question about the relevance of using females with partially filled brood pouches to determine the reproductive performance of Artemia. The number of cysts in a full brood pouch and a partially filled brood pouch revealed consistent differences in the following statistical indicators: average reproductive performance, coefficient of variation, and average minimum and maximum reproductive performance. As the percentage of females in the population with cysts not yet ready to be released increases, the percentage of females with partially filled brood pouches decreases. The general conclusion is that the use of females with partially filled brood pouches underestimates the valid value of average reproductive performance and also changes the pattern of the reproductive performance distribution. The obtained results prove that only females with a full brood pouch should be used when assessing the reproductive performance value of Artemia

The Orthodox Army and State in Russia in the Beginning of the 20th Century: the Theological and Philosophical View

В статье исследуется вопрос об особенностях православной армии и ее взаимоотношениях с государством в начале ХХ в. В основе исследования — идеи русской философии и богословия данного периода в лице таких мыслителей, как митрополит Антоний (Храповицкий), И. А. Ильин и Л. П. Карсавин. В ряде публикаций этих авторов происходит развитие концепции «христолюбивого воинства», которая появилась во второй половине XIX в. Довольно быстро эта концепция получила повсеместное распространение в общественном сознании, однако была подвергнута жесткой критике со стороны философской общественности и неортодоксального богословия. В результате развернувшейся полемики окончательно сформировались философские и богословские представления об особенностях православной армии в контексте развития Российского государства и Православной церкви.The article examines the peculiarities of the Orthodox army and its relationship with the state at the beginning of the 20th century. This paper analyses philosophical and theological ideas of this period presented in the works of such thinkers as Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky), I. A. Ilyin and L. P. Karsavin. In a number of their publications, the concept of the “Christloving host”, which appeared in the second half of the 19th century, is being developed. Quite quickly, this concept had become widely circulated among the general public, but was subjected to severe criticism from the philosophical community and theologians of other confessions. In this unfolding controversy, philosophical and theological ideas about the peculiarities of the Orthodox army in the context of the development of the Russian state and the Orthodox Church were finally formed.Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 20-18-00240)

Hydrochemical Research and Geochemical Classification of Salt Lakes in the Pavlodar Region

This paper presents the results of a study of the macrocomponent composition of 15 salt lakes of the Pavlodar region. For the first time, based on the data of the chemical composition and pH of the waters, the geochemical classification of the lakes of this region has been proposed. The study shows that the majority of the analyzed objects are lakes of chloride type with sodium cationic composition

The religious aspect of the organization of camps for Russian prisoners of war during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905

The Russian-Japanese war is an actual problem of historical research. This is especially relevant in the context of current trends in the development of Russian-Japanese relations. At the same time, the problem of prisoners of war is one of the most painful for relations between participants in a military conflict. An analysis of the religious aspect of the organization of the life of Russian prisoners of war in Japan makes it possible to take a fresh look at the characteristics of culture and the states of both countries. It is also interesting to study the religious practices of representatives of religions other than Orthodoxy.Проблематика русско-японской войны продолжает отставаться актуальной для исторических исследований, особенно в свете современных тенденций, характеризующих развитие российско-японские отношения. При этом проблема военнопленных - одна из самых болезненных в плане отношений между участниками военного конфликта. Анализ религиозного аспекта организации быта русских военнопленных в Японии позволяет по новому взглянуть на особенности культуры и государственной политики обеих стран. Интересным является также изучение религиозных практик представителей других, помимо православной, конфессий

Horizontal Refraction of Acoustic Waves in Shallow-Water Waveguides Due to an Inhomogeneous Bottom Structure

Three-Dimensional (3-D) sound propagation in a shallow-water waveguide with a constant depth and inhomogeneous bottom is studied through numerical simulations. As a model of inhomogeneity, a transitional region between an acoustically soft and hard bottom is considered. Depth-averaged transmission loss simulations using the “horizontal rays and vertical modes” approach and mode parabolic equations demonstrate the horizontal refraction of sound in this region, even if the water column is considered homogeneous. The observed wave effect is prominent at low frequencies, at which the water depth does not exceed a few acoustic wavelengths. The obtained results within the simplified model are verified by the simulations for a real seabed structure in the Kara Sea

NO 4 RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW

In this article, we are interested in the philosophical foundations of the Russian sociology of war. The philosophical foundations of science and humanities belong to the meta-theoretical level of knowledge and leave their imprint on the theoretical and empirical levels of research. The philosophical foundations involve ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological underpinnings. The study of these aspects reveals the following features of the sociology of war: general ideas about the nature of the phenomenon of war; criteria of veracity of knowledge in the sociology of war; rules for forming the source and derived concepts and assertions; and methods of discovery and development of new and true knowledge. The sociology of war as a new direction of social and humanities studies appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. It was the result of two processes taking place in philosophy. On the one hand, the appearance of the sociology and psychology of war was a logical step in the development of Russian military thought. The evolution of this branch of knowledge in Russia of the 19th century made researchers treat war as a social phenomenon. Also, the rapid development of the doctrine of positivism and the birth of sociology in the middle of the 19th century attracted the attention of many military and civil professors and academics. Keywords: philosophy of war, sociology of war, military sciences, Genrih Leer, Nikolay Korf, Pitirim Sorokin, Nikolay Golovin Today the sociology of war is one of the branches of sociology which studies the armed forces as a social institution, and military action (war) as a social phenomenon. The responsibilities of this discipline are very broad. The sociology of war studies a wide range of issues such as the social composition of the armed forces, values, motivation and outlook of military and civilian personnel of the armed forces, the relations of the army and other social institutions, the structure and characteristics of the control of the military collective, the influence of military operations on the society and the individual social groups, and the social rehabilitation and adaptation of veterans of the armed forces and war veterans. The development of this discipline developed in two ways, as one of a specific military science, and as a branch of civil sociology

Modelling metal complexation in solvent extraction systems

This thesis represents a theoretical investigation of synergistic solvent extraction of transition metal ions based on models for the commercial used components, namely LIX63 and Versatic10 acid. Quantum mechanical studies of oxime isomerisation have been conducted in order to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the syn/anti interconversion of LIX63, which is found to favour an oligomeric form in non-polar solvents