The Concept of Ecosystem Services in Ensuring Environmental Management: Economic and Legal Aspects

The paper examines the economic and legal aspects of the concept of ecosystem services in ensuring rational nature management in the Russian Federation based on the analysis of the works of Russian and foreign economists, legal scientists, and biologists. There have been identified the main economic problems of the ecosystem services concept, which do not allow the development of proper legal support in the area under investigation. Such problems include: underestimation of the economic value of ecosystem services, lack of price for most ecosystem services, lack of a market for ecosystem services.A weak regulatory and legal study of the ecosystem services concept in Russian national legislation, including economic and legal mechanisms for compensating ecosystem services, is shown. The term "ecosystem services" is used only in certain Russian political and legal documents of an environmental orientation. Its content is not disclosed, it is only stated the need to preserve ecosystem services and create their market. It was proposed to consolidate the main directions of Russian state policy in the sphere of ecosystem services at the level of political and legal documents.The ecosystem services concept in ensuring rational nature management contributes to the isolation of social relations for the most effective use of the natural environment. Various characteristics of ecosystem services for renewable and non-renewable natural resources that affect the rationality of nature use are shown

Legal Issues Supporting Production and Distribution of Biotech Products

in article, on basis of works of Russian and foreign academic lawyers, biologists, microbiologists, zoologists, genetics and also representatives of other sciences of natural-science branch, is researched legal relationship on production and distribution of biotechnological products in the Russian Federation, The law provision in considered sphere is highly unified. Peculiarities of legal mode of biotechnological products are not taken into account. Specification and differentiation of legal regulation of relations on production and distribution of biotechnological products is required. Absence of legal definition of "biotechnology" leads to ambiguity of their legal mode and low efficiency of legal regulation. Reasonability of development of separate legal classification by potential hazard of gene-engineering activity for ecological systems is grounded

Contract as economical and legal design

In article on the basis of the analysis of works of the Russian and foreign scientists-lawyers, experts lawyers, and also economists the contract research as economical and legal design is conducted. The contract as an economical and legal design represents the special economical and legal mechanism regulator mediating economic activity, designed to provide legal satisfaction of economic interests, certain subjects, formed by the elements interconnected and coordinated among them.It is revealed that such economical and legal design consists both from legal, and from economic elements. It is formed of the following obligatory and necessary elements: (1) legal procedure of coordination of terms of the contract, (2) form of the contract, (3) term, (4) subjective rights and legal obligations of the parties, (5) valid economic contents of the contract. The list of the designated elements of the contract is open and depends on complexity of the most economical and legal design and a type of the bilateral or multilateral civil transaction.The nature of its legal communications exerts impact on an economical and legal orientation of a design of the contract. In turn features of contractual communications affect achievement of the legal purposes.It is proved that the contract as an economical and legal design has to be always filled with economic sense. It is shown that lack of the valid economic sense of the contract is considered by law-enforcement practice therefore leads to adverse legal effects

Contract as economical and legal design

In article on the basis of the analysis of works of the Russian and foreign scientists-lawyers, experts lawyers, and also economists the contract research as economical and legal design is conducted. The contract as an economical and legal design represents the special economical and legal mechanism regulator mediating economic activity, designed to provide legal satisfaction of economic interests, certain subjects, formed by the elements interconnected and coordinated among them.It is revealed that such economical and legal design consists both from legal, and from economic elements. It is formed of the following obligatory and necessary elements: (1) legal procedure of coordination of terms of the contract, (2) form of the contract, (3) term, (4) subjective rights and legal obligations of the parties, (5) valid economic contents of the contract. The list of the designated elements of the contract is open and depends on complexity of the most economical and legal design and a type of the bilateral or multilateral civil transaction.The nature of its legal communications exerts impact on an economical and legal orientation of a design of the contract. In turn features of contractual communications affect achievement of the legal purposes.It is proved that the contract as an economical and legal design has to be always filled with economic sense. It is shown that lack of the valid economic sense of the contract is considered by law-enforcement practice therefore leads to adverse legal effects