A governance analysis of the Barotse floodplain system, Zambia: identifying obstacles and opportunities

The Barotse floodplain is an ecosystem characterized by a paradox of widespread poverty amidst high ecological and agricultural potential. The CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) seeks to address this paradox on the assumption that the rural poor have the potential to transform their lives using the aquatic resources in their environment. Understanding the conditions for natural resources use and management is critical for a program that seeks to transform the livelihoods of households dependent on natural resources. The purpose of this report is to identify and analyze key governance variables influencing the livelihood outcomes of AAS program interventions in the Barotse floodplain system

RANCANG BANGUN DAN UJI KINERJA KONDENSOR TIPE PIPA 12U DENGAN VARIASI JUMLAH BARIS PIPA TERHADAP PRODUKSI MINYAK GASIFIKASI

Coconut shell is one of the most common biomass fuels found in Indonesia. So far the processing of coconut shell waste has only been burned directly to make charcoal and this has actually created a new problem, namely air pollution. Another way that is environmentally friendly is the gasification process. Gasification is a process of converting solid fuel into combustible gas (CO, CH4, H2). To make oil, the smoke from gasification needs to be cooled using a device called a condenser. The performance of the condenser itself is influenced by several things, including: condenser design, material conductivity value, operating environment temperature, type of cooling fluid, and direction of fluid flow. The choice of the geometric shape of a condenser will affect the heat transfer process that occurs in the condenser. This type of research is experimental research with descriptive quantitative data analysis, namely by looking for the effect of variations in the number of lines of condenser pipes with a number of lines 3, number of lines 4, and number of lines 5 in order to determine the value of the effectiveness of the condenser and the quantity of oil. Data collection is done by recording the temperature of the cooling fluid and gas entering and leaving the condenser and then comparing the amount of oil produced. The data is then displayed in graphs and described in sentences that are easy to understand. The highest quantity of oil produced is in variation 3 with the number of rows 5 as much as 274 grams, then for variation 2 as much as 250 grams and for variation 1 as much as 224 grams. For the highest effectiveness of the condenser is found in variation 3 with an effectiveness value of 80% then for variation 2 it is 78% and variation 1 is 73%. While the highest gasification efficiency value is in variation 1 with a value of 74%, for variation 2 is 64%, and the lowest is variation 3 with 61%. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is an influence on the addition of the number of lines on the production of gasified oil.   Keywords : Coconut Shell, Condenser, 12U Pipe, Gasified Oi

I'm a killer whale: the process of cultural identity development from the perspectives of young indigenous children

Dissertation (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2022This qualitative single case study examined the phenomenon of cultural identity development from the perspective of young Indigenous children situated within the context of their southeast Alaskan community. Decades of assimilationist policies have eroded cultural identity among many Indigenous Alaskans, yet a strong cultural identity is known to be a protective factor for Indigenous peoples. Building on Indigenous identity development theory, the study sought to answer the research questions: (1) How do young children demonstrate their cultural identity through interactions on the Land? (2) How do community organizations support cultural identity development (CID) in young Indigenous children? (3) What role do peers play in nurturing cultural identity development (CID)? And (4) How do teachers and families nurture CID? The primary data source was video collected by children wearing forehead cameras as they engaged in semi-structured activities on the Land; video data were augmented by surveys, interviews, children's drawings, and careful observations. These methods allowed the researcher to examine the child's lived experiences to begin to untangle the rich interactions between children, the Land, parents, and educators, and to describe CID nurturing factors. Reflexive thematic analysis was employed to discover themes and patterns in the data. Findings reveal that children demonstrate their Indigenous identity by learning and exhibiting traditional ecological knowledge, which includes intricate knowledge of the Land, subsistence practices, and core cultural values. The process of cultural identity development was supported by the community through vision and funding for cultural initiatives. Peers, parents, and educators contributed to the cultural identity development of the young participants by enacting moves to increase confidence and competence on the Land. This study has implications for policymakers, educators, families, and others interested in nurturing healthy identity development among young Indigenous children.Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Sealaska Heritage InstituteChapter One: Introduction -- 1.1. Positionality -- 1.2. Theoretical foundation -- 1.2.1. Indigenous knowledge systems -- 1.2.1.1. Indigenous values -- 1.2.1.2. Spiritual connection to land and collectivism -- 1.2.1.3. Traditional ecological knowledge -- 1.2.2. Decolonizing education -- 1.2.3. Critical pedagogy of place -- 1.2.4. Culturally sustaining/revitalizing pedagogies -- 1.3. Statement of the problem: the impact of western education on indigenous culture -- 1.4. Conceptual framework -- 1.5. Purpose of the study -- 1.6. Significance of the study -- 1.7. Research questions -- 1.8. Research design -- 1.9. Assumptions, limitations, delimitations -- 1.10. Summary and organization of remaining chapters. Chapter two: Literature review -- 2.1. Culture and ethnicity defined -- 2.2. Identity development theories -- 2.2.1. Indigenous cultural identity development theory -- 2.3. Cultural identity as a protective factor -- 2.4. Enculturation and deculturation -- 2.4.1. Deculturation factors -- 2.4.2. Lands-independent enculturation factors -- 2.4.3. Land-based enculturation factors -- 2.4.3.1. Living by cultural values related to land -- 2.4.3.2. Subsistence -- 2.4.3.3. Knowing stories and history of land -- 2.5. Significance -- 2.6. Conclusion. Chapter three: Methodology -- 3.1. Study design -- 3.1.1. Research paradigm -- 3.1.2. Why case study? -- 3.2. Sample selection -- 3.2.1. Why Metlakatla? -- 3.2.2. Why kindergarten? -- 3.2.3. Why Alaska Seas and Watersheds Week? -- 3.3. Participants -- 3.3.1. Selected participant portraits -- 3.3.1.1. Ashley -- 3.3.1.2. Baxter -- 3.3.1.3. Elsie -- 3.3.1.4. Sarah -- 3.3.2. Key Informants -- 3.3.2.1. Kindergarten teacher: Ms. M. -- 3.3.2.2. Elementary school cultural specialist: Ms. Nancy -- 3.3.2.3. Elementary school principal: Mr. W. -- 3.4.1. Community of Metlakatla -- 3.4.2. Annette Island School District -- 3.4.3. Richard Johnson Elementary School -- 3.4.4. Kindergarten classroom -- 3.4.5. Sandbar Beach -- 3.4.6. Smuggler's Beach -- 3.4.7. Hemlock Island -- 3.4.8. Hudson Bay Tea Meadow -- 3.5. Data collection -- 3.5.1. Family survey -- 3.5.3. Video data -- 3.5.4. Video-prompted discussions -- 3.5.5. Children's drawings -- 3.5.6. Observations -- 3.5.7. Subsistence expeditions -- 3.6. Ethical considerations -- 3.7. Trustworthiness -- 3.7.1. Credibility -- 3.7.2. Dependability -- 3.7.3. Confirmability -- 3.7.4. Transferability -- 3.8. Summary. Chapter four: Data analysis and results -- 4.1. Data set summary -- 4.2. Data analysis procedures -- 4.2.1. Becoming familiar with the data -- 4.2.1.1. Becoming familiar with video and still photo data -- 4.2.1.2. Becoming familiar with survey data -- 4.2.1.3. Becoming familiar with children's drawings -- 4.2.1.4. Becoming familiar with key informant interview data -- 4.2.1.5. Becoming familiar with observational data -- 4.2.2. Generating initial codes -- 4.2.3. Generating themes -- 4.2.4. Reviewing and refining themes -- 4.2.5. Defining and aligning themes -- 4.2.6. Writing the report -- 4.3. Results -- 4.3.1. Alignment with clan -- 4.3.1.1. Self-identifies as a member of a tribe or clan -- 4.3.1.2. Claims characteristics of crest animals -- 4.3.2. Traditional ecological knowledge -- 4.3.2.1. Demonstrates ecological knowledge -- 4.3.2.2. Demonstrates subsistence knowledge -- 4.3.2.3. Demonstrates enactment of core cultural values -- 4.3.2.3.1. Demonstrates care for land -- 4.3.2.3.2. Demonstrates respectful harvest -- 4.3.2.3.3. Demonstrates collective harvest (sharing) -- 4.3.3. Role of community in supporting cultural identity development -- 4.3.3.1. Funding -- 4.3.3.2. Other support -- 4.3.4. Role of peers in nurturing cultural identity development -- 4.3.4.1. Peer's moves increasing confidence upon the land -- 4.3.4.2. Peer's moves promoting safety -- 4.3.4.3. Peer's moves promoting comfort -- 4.3.4.4. Peer's moves promoting fun -- 4.3.4.5. Peer's moves increasing competence upon the land -- 4.3.4.6. Peers teaching ecological knowledge -- 4.3.4.7. Peers teaching subsistence knowledge -- 4.3.4.8. Peers teaching cultural values related to stewardship -- 4.3.5. Role of teachers and parents in nurturing cultural identity development -- 4.3.5.1. Teacher and parent moves to increase confidence on land -- 4.3.5.2. Teacher and parents offer encouragement and physical support -- 4.3.5.3. Teachers and parents support child's developing sense of agency -- 4.3.5.4. Teachers and parents share enthusiasm and awe at being on the land -- 4.3.5.5. Teacher and parent moves to increase competence on land -- 4.3.5.6. Teachers and parents teaching traditional ecological knowledge -- 4.3.5.7. Teachers and parents validating traditional ecological knowledge -- 4.3.5.8. Teachers and parents engaging children in authentic subsistence activities -- 4.4. Chapter four conclusions. Chapter five: Conclusions, implications, recommendations -- 5.1. Summary of study -- 5.2. Summary and significance of the findings -- 5.2.1. Research question one -- 5.2.1.1. Summary of research findings: children demonstrate cultural identity -- 5.2.1.2. Significance of findings: children demonstrate cultural identity -- 5.2.2. Research question two -- 5.2.2.1. Summary of research findings: community support for cultural initiatives -- 5.2.2.2. Significance of research findings: community support for cultural initiatives -- 5.2.3. Research question three -- 5.2.3.1. Summary of research findings: peer support for CID -- 5.2.3.2. Significance of research findings: peer support for CID -- 5.2.4. Research question four -- 5.2.4.1. Summary of research findings: teacher and parent support for CID -- 5.2.4.2. Significance of research findings: teacher and parent support for CID -- 5.3. Conclusions -- 5.4. Implications of the findings -- 5.4.1. Theoretical implications -- 5.4.2. Practical implications -- 5.5. Strengths and weaknesses of the study -- 5.5.1. Strengths -- 5.5.2. Weaknesses -- 5.6. Recommendations for future research -- References

The effect of sovereign debt on Capital inflows to Zambia

Over the last 10 years, many Sub Saharan countries have tapped into the international market to issue sovereign bonds to boost economic growth and attract additional foreign direct investments. Funds obtained have been used for large infrastructure projects and easing of balance of payments to name but a few. Zambia between the years 2011-2015 borrowed heavily on the international market totaling just around US$4 billion in Eurobonds to drive jobs and fill gaps in essential infrastructure in the energy and health sectors. Financing of large infrastructure projects had been a main topic for governments in Zambia and the local market did not have the capacity. Upon receiving its sovereign rating, Zambia saw the international bond market as an avenue. Accessing of the international bond market for African nations had grown noticeably due to eased financial conditions on the global market. Thirteen countries had tapped into the international markets by the end of March 2014 for various reasons which mostly included economic growth. Many market players have kept a close watch on the rising debt levels particularly in sub Saharan Africa to ensure that it does not reach levels similarl to those of HIPC. In 2005, Zambia’s debt stood at US$ 5.4 billion which was unsustainable and represented 74% of Zambia’s GDP and approximately 208% of export earnings (IHS Global Insights, 2014). Having their debt relieved by the IMF and World Bank in 2006 reduced their debt burden to around 25% of GDP. Following that, the Zambian government in 2012 issued its first Eurobond and borrowed excessively in the years to follow that the debt to GDP ratio reached almost 40%. Coupled with that, Zambia experienced a reduced price in its major export commodity copper and a tumbling exchange rate. It has become clear that access to international capital markets and high levels of public debt has made the Zambian economy more susceptible to shocks and leaves them vulnerable and does not achieve desired goals of growth and does not encourage foreign direct investment through capital inflows. This paper examines the effect of capital inflows to Zambia as a result of rising public debt levels. It focuses on the impact of Zambia’s sovereign debt on capital inflows for a period of 15 years (between 2000 and 2015). The findings suggest an inverse relationship between sovereign debt and capital inflows. The findings also suggest a positive relationship between a countries international reserves and capital inflows. These relationships were found to be significant which suggests that external debt could influence capital inflows to Zambia

Study of the flow at the interface of immiscible liquids

Diplomová práce se zabývá studiem proudění dvou nemísitelných kapalin v horizontálním potrubí. První část diplomové práce teoreticky popisuje nemísitelné proudění. Následuje experimentální měření, pro které byla upravena zkušební trať pro nátok oleje shora. Za kapaliny byly vybrány voda a olej z kukuřičných klíčků. Na trati bylo pozorováno několik typů režimu toku. Následně bylo popsáno a provedeno PIV měření na zkušební trati, kde se zjišťovaly velikosti vektorů rychlostí. V poslední části práce proběhla simulace jednoho vybraného režimu v programu Ansys Fluent, kdy bylo využito VOF metody. Tento režim se simuloval jak ve 3D, tak ve 2D potrubí. Zjištěné výsledky se porovnaly s experimentálním měřením a kriticky zhodnotily.This theses deals with flow of two immisible fluid in horizontal pipeline. First part teoretically describes immisible flow. What follows is experimental measurement in wich experimental track was adjusted for inlet of oil from the top. Water and corn germ oil were used as fluids. There were observed many modes of flow on the track. After that PIV was described and measured. PIV was done for measurement of values of velocity vectors. Simulation of one chosen mode was developed in the last chapter. This simulation was done in Ansys Fluent with help of VOF method. Simulation was done both in 3D and 2D pipeline. In the end these simulation were compared with experiment measurement and were critically evaluated.

Core strength: A new model for injury prediction and prevention

OBJECTIVE: Many work in injury prone awkward positions that require adequate flexibility and strength in trunk stabilizer muscle groups. Performance on a functional movement screen (FMS) that assessed those factors was conducted and an intervention was designed. METHODS: A battery of FMS tests were performed on 433 firefighters. We analyzed the correlation between FMS performance and injuries and other selected parameters. An intervention to improve flexibility and strength in trunk stabilizer or core muscle groups through a training program was evaluated. RESULTS: The intervention reduced lost time due to injuries by 62% and the number of injuries by 42% over a twelve month period as compared to a historical control group. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that core strength and functional movement enhancement programs to prevent injuries in workers whose work involves awkward positions is warranted

Ectopic pregnancy in the ampulla of the fallopian tube at 16 gestational weeks: lessons from a case report

Background: It is uncommon to find ampullary tubal pregnancy in the second trimester. Methods: A 35-year-old G4P3 at 16 gestational weeks presented with a day history of sudden severe lower abdominal pain and no vaginal bleeding. The patient had a normal pulse of 82/minutes, haemoglobin concentration of 6.3 g/dl and ultrasonography showed an empty uterus with an alive fetus in the right adnexa. She was provisionally diagnosed to have an abdominal pregnancy. Results: The patient had an emergency laparotomy where 2.2 L of haemoperitoneum and a slow-leaking right ampullary tubal pregnancy were found. Right total salpingectomy was performed and she had an uncomplicated post-operative follow-up. Histology of the lesion confirmed tubal pregnancy. Conclusion: The growth of a pregnancy in the ampulla beyond the first trimester is possibly due to increased thickness and or distensibility of the fallopian tube. A tubal pregnancy may present with a normal pulse despite significant haemorrhage

Retard de détection du cancer du sein : les données des hôpitaux devraient informer une prise en charge primaire proactive

BACKGROUND: Breast (and cervical) cancer affects a growing proportion of women in South Africa. Although treatable, where health literacy is low, women typically seek medical attention only when their condition is at an advanced stage and difficult to contain. OBJECTIVES: To understand the sociodemographic characteristics of women who present with advanced breast cancer in order to intervene proactively in primary care. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of women with advanced breast cancer (Stage IIb and higher) at a Level 2 regional hospital in South Africa (2007–2010). RESULTS: The average age amongst the 103 women enrolled in this study was 59. One-third of the women had secondary education, 35% were unemployed and two-thirds were not married. Nearly 11% (n = 11) of the women had previously had cancer. Lumps (n = 87) were the most common reason for seeking healthcare and were, together with axillary lymph node abnormalities (84.5% and 19.4% respectively), the most common clinical symptoms. Symptoms were noticed by 52% (n = 54) of the women more than six months prior to their first consultation. A personal history of cancer increased threefold the odds of presenting within three months. Middle-aged women were twice as likely as those 65 to report within three to six months. Secondary education increased the odds of presenting within three to six months by 56%. Employment and marital status were not significant. CONCLUSION: The women most at risk for delayed detection and treatment were those without a history of breast cancer, aged 65, with low education. They can best be reached through low-cost community-orientated primary care that proactively provides health education and promotes self- and clinical examination at the individual, family, clinic and general practitioner level.CONTEXTE: Le cancer du sein (et du col de l’utérus) affecte une proportion croissante de femmes en Afrique du Sud. Bien que soignable, lorsque les informations sanitaires sont insuffisantes, les femmes ne consultent généralement que lorque leur état est à un stade avancé et difficile à contenir. OBJECTIFS: Comprendre les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des femmes qui présentent un cancer du sein avancé afin d’intervenir de manière proactive dans la prise en charge primaire. METHODES: Analyse rétrospective des femmes souffrant d’un cancer du sein avancé (Stade IIb et plus) dans un hôpital régional de niveau 2 en Afrique du Sud (2007–2010). RESULTATS: L’âge moyen des 103 femmes inscrites à cette étude était de 59 ans. Un tiers des femmes avaient suivi l’enseignement secondaire, 35% étaient sans emploi et les deux tiers n’étaient pas mariées. Près de 11% (n = 11) des femmes avaient déjà eu un cancer. Des grosseurs (n = 87) constituaient la raison les plus courante de recherche de soins de santé et étaient, avec les anomalies de ganglions lymphatiques axillaires (84,5% et 19,4% respectivement), les symptômes cliniques les plus courants. Les symptômes ont été remarqués par 52% (n = 54) des femmes, plus de six mois avant leur première consultation. Des antécédents personnels de cancer mutlipliaient par trois les chances de se présenter dans les trois mois. Les femmes d’âge moyen avaient deux fois plus de chances que celles de 65 ans de se présenter dans les trois à six mois. L’éducation secondaire augmentait de 56% les chances de se présenter dans les trois à six mois. Les situations professionnelle et conjugale n’étaient pas significatives. CONCLUSION: Les femmes courant le plus de risque d’une détection et d’un traitement retardés étaient celles sans antécédents de cancer du sein, dont l’âge était 65 ans, et ayant peu d’éducation. Elles peuvent être atteintes par le biais d’une prise en charge primaire à faible coût et orientée sur la communauté, qui fournit de manière proactive une éducation en santé et encourage l’auto-examen et l’examen clinique au niveau individuel, familial, clinique et du généraliste.http://www.phcfm.orgam2013ay201