La política de la competencia en Colombia y la intervención de sus autoridades.

El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue realizar un análisis filosófico hermenéutico a la política de la competencia en Colombia y la intervención de sus autoridades, evento que se examina desde el análisis de contenido a textos jurídicos como leyes, jurisprudencias y textos doctrinales; La unidad de análisis fue Establecer de qué manera ha influido la Superindustria en los procesos jurídicos-legales en materia de competitividad en nuestro país, luego de que la carta política de 1991 entró a regir y como variables tenemos: Indagar como ha transcurrido la política de la competición en este país latinoamericano y en el derecho comparado; Examinar las condiciones que generan obligación a cumplir con la normatividad respecto al derecho a la competición y realizar un estudio de contenido sobre la política de la competencia y la intervención de sus autoridades en Colombia. La investigación que se llevó a cabo es jurídica pura y básica. El método que se aplicó fue el analítico. Como fuentes primarias se utilizó la ficha bibliográfica y el análisis se hizo a través del análisis de contenido de las leyes, jurisprudencias y doctrina examinadas. Como resultados tenemos que la actual Ley de la Competencia tiene un amparo poco seguro de los establecimientos de comercio y de los estipendios de los compradores colombianos, debido a las normas nacional y local que se han creado para tal fin, porque lo que han logrado es llevar a cabo la facilitación de prácticas anticompetitivas porque no se ha reducido la intensidad de las malas prácticas de la competencia entre empresas, lo que ha dado como resultado en una baja productividad en el país, lo que hace que los mercados sean ineficiente porque hay pocas empresas sofisticadas, poco cambio productivo, los productos tienen precios altos y son de baja calidad; lo anterior afecta a los consumidores de escasos recursos, por lo que las conclusiones son que la política pública de reglamentación de las prácticas anticompetitivas, necesita nuevas reformas institucionales para tener un país productivoThe objective of this research work was to conduct a hermeneutical philosophical analysis of competition policy in Colombia and the intervention of its authorities, an event that is examined from content analysis to legal texts such as laws, jurisprudence and doctrinal texts; The unit of analysis was to establish how the Super industry has influenced legal-legal processes in terms of competitiveness in our country, after the 1991 political letter came into force and as variables we have: To inquire how the policy of competition in this Latin American country and in comparative law; Examine the conditions that generate obligation to comply with the regulations regarding the right to competition and conduct a content study on competition policy and the intervention of its authorities in Colombia. The investigation that was carried out is pure and basic legal. The method that was applied was the analytical one. The bibliographic record was used as primary sources and the analysis was done through the content analysis of the laws, jurisprudence and doctrine examined. As a result we have that the current Competition Law has an unsafe protection of commercial establishments and stipends of Colombian buyers, due to the national and local regulations that have been created for this purpose, because what they have achieved is carry out the facilitation of anticompetitive practices because the intensity of bad practices of competition between companies has not been reduced, which has resulted in low productivity in the country, which makes markets inefficient because there are few sophisticated companies, little productive change, the products have high prices and are of low quality; The aforementioned affects low-income consumers, so the conclusions are that the public policy regulating anti-competitive practices needs new institutional reforms to have a productive countr

UCO.MIPSIM: pipelined computer simulator for teaching purposes

Since pipelining is a very important implementation technique for processors, students in Computer Science need to achieve a good understanding of it. UCO.MIPSIM simulator has been developed to support teaching such concepts. This paper introduces the basics of pipelining and describes UCO.MIPSIM, its main components and its functions. The learning effectiveness of the simulator has been tested by means of the comparison with two learning tools, the traditional paper and pencil and another pipelined computer simulator. In this way, a tool evaluation methodology is also introduce

Professional certification as a teaching tool in Computer Science Degree at the Higher Polytechnic School of Cordoba

Existen múltiples empresas que emiten certificaciones de competencias profesionales dentro del ámbito de las Ingenierías. Estas certificaciones están siendo muy demandadas por las empresas empleadoras ya que permiten demostrar la cualificación de los solicitantes desde un punto de vista teórico y práctico muy exigente. Esto ha llevado a que muchos alumnos y egresados hayan tomado cursos de preparación para los exámenes de certificación. Una de las más relevantes es CISCO, que realiza certificaciones de competencias de Redes de Computadores. Un grupo de profesores de la EPSC de la Universidad de Córdoba ha planteado adaptar los contenidos de diversas asignaturas de la Titulación Oficial de Grado en Ingeniería Informática para que el alumnado cubra todos los requisitos formativos (tanto teóricos como prácticos) exigidos por la empresa CISCO para las diversas certificaciones en materia de Redes de Comunicación entre Ordenadores. Además, esta adaptación debe hacerse sin alterar el documento Verifica, aprobado por la Agencia Nacional de Acreditación y Evaluación (ANECA).There are a lot of enterprises which provide certifications of knowledge and skills in professional competences within the Engineering field. These certifications are highly demanded by employers, because they demonstrate the qualification of the applicants from a very demanding theoretical and practical point of view. Thus, a lot of students and graduates have enrolled in training courses for the certification exams. One of the most important corporations is CISCO, which provides certifications in the field of Computer Networking. A group of professors from the Higher Polytechnic School of Cordoba from the University of Cordoba (Spain) has adapted the contents of several subjects of the Computer Science Degree, in order to cover all the educational requirements required by CISCO for the Computer Networking field. Besides, this adaptation has to be taken without any modification in the VERIFICA document, approved by the Spanish National Certification and Evaluation Agency (ANECA)

Homogenization of very thin elastic reticulated structures

This work is devoted to the homogenization of the anisotropic, linearized elasticity system posed on thin reticulated structures involving several parameters. We show that the result depends on the relative size of the parameters. In every case, we obtain a limit problem where both the microscopic and macroscopic scales appear together. From this problem, we get an asymptotic development which gives an approximation in L2 of the displacements and the linearized strain tensor.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologí

Análisis de la política del derecho a la competencia en Colombia

This paper is a reflection about the analysis of competition law in Colombian like Public Policies on the subject. It has as general objective, to investigate how the Competition Law Policy is structured in Colombia and the specific objectives were: international aspects of competition and its incidence in Colombia and competition policy in our country. This is a pure legal research for law, and bibliographical, based on legal hermeneutics and supported in the collection of secondary information, since it is the texts and jurisprudence that give us the source of the information. The analysis will be based on the analysis of texts. During the course of research found that the OECD has actively promoted competition policy among Latin American and Caribbean countries for years; This is due to the alliance between the OECD and the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) that has strengthened these efforts, it can be concluded that for the development and application of competition law in Colombia, a Public Policy has been concretized in recent years and Its results are reflected in the areas of anticompetitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, mergers and acquisitions, exclusions and exemptions, procedural and institutional aspects, coordination with sectorial regulators, judicial reviews, international affairs and defense of competition law.En presente es un artículo de reflexión sobre el Derecho de la Competencia desde el análisis de las Políticas Públicas colombianas sobre el tema. El mismo tiene como objetivo general indagar cómo está estructurada la Política del Derecho de la Competencia en Colombia. Como objetivos específicos se presentaron: los aspectos internacionales de la competencia y su incidencia en Colombia y la política de competencia en nuestro país. Esta es una investigación jurídica para el Derecho y bibliográfica, fundamentado en la hermenéutica jurídica y apoyada en la recolección de información secundaria, ya que son los textos y jurisprudencias las que nos dan la fuente de la información. El análisis se hará con fundamento en el análisis de textos. Se encontró, durante el desarrollo de la investigación, que la OCDE ha promovido de forma activa la política de competencia entre países de Latinoamérica y el Caribe durante años; lo anterior por la alianza entre la OCDE y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha potenciado estos esfuerzos para el desarrollo y aplicación de la ley de Competencia en Colombia, con lo cual se ha concretado una Política Pública durante los últimos años y sus resultados se reflejan en los campos de acuerdos anticompetitivos, abuso de posición dominante, fusiones y adquisiciones, exclusiones y exenciones, aspectos de procedimientos e institucionales, coordinación con reguladores sectoriales, revisiones judiciales, asuntos internacionales y defensa de la competencia

Variables sociodemográficas y su relación con los diagnósticos psiquiátricos, de los diferentes centros de salud mental, del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social, 2018 – 2020

La caracterización epidemiológica de los diagnósticos psiquiátricos del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social (ISSS) es relevante, debido a que, el análisis y comprensión de los grupos que mayormente consultan por estas afecciones con las variables sociodemográficas que están presentes en las diferentes bases de datos de los centros de salud mental, permitirán a los tomadores de decisiones crear políticas y programas para mejorar la salud mental de la población; lo cual da cumplimiento a lo que establece la OMS que determina necesario integrar en la salud mental todas las esferas de la salud y la política social para garantizar la calidad de los servicios. Métodos: El tipo de estudio fue descriptivo – transversal, la población fueron los registros de consultas de los 13 centros de salud mental del ISSS entre los años 2018 y 2020 en su totalidad, el procesamiento y análisis de la información se realizó por medio del programa Microsoft Excel versiones 2016 y 365. Además, se aplicaron los principios bioéticos de la privacidad, confidencialidad, beneficencia y justicia. Resultados: Los beneficiarios y pensionados son los asegurados que consultan con mayor frecuencia por una situación psiquiátrica, siendo más sobresalientes los diagnósticos con códigos CIE-10 desde el F30 hasta el F49 con 7,414 en los beneficiarios y 4,963 en los pensionados de las consultas acumuladas. Conclusiones: El sexo que consulta con mayor frecuencia son las mujeres con un 70% de las consultas psiquiátricas y las edades más prevalentes de los asegurados son de la cuarta década de la vida en adelante. Además, se obtuvo que los beneficiarios y los pensionados sean los asegurados que consultan con mayor frecuencia por una situación psiquiátrica

Etiological and Resistance Profile of Bacteria Involved in Urinary Tract Infections in Young Children

The objective of this study was to identify the bacteria most frequently responsible for urinary tract infection (UTI) in the population of under-2-year-olds in our geographic area and to evaluate the activity of antibiotics widely used for UTI treatment during a 4-year study period. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted of data on the identification and susceptibility of microorganisms isolated in urine samples from children under 2 years of age. A total of 1,045 uropathogens were isolated. Escherichia coli accounted for the majority (60.3%) of these, followed by Enterococcus faecalis (22.4%) and Klebsiella spp. (6.5%). The highest E. coli susceptibility rates (>90%) were to piperacillin-tazobactam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin, and the lowest were to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and cotrimoxazole. Among all bacteria isolated, we highlight the overall high activity of piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin against both community and hospital isolates and the reduced activity of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporins, gentamicin, and cotrimoxazole. There was no significant change in the total activity of any of the studied antibiotics over the 4-year study period. Empiric treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cotrimoxazole, cephalosporins, and gentamicin may be inadequate due to their limited activity against uropathogens in our settingParts of this work were supported by the CTS-521 research grou

Mechanisms involved in the β-cell mass increase induced by chronic sucrose feeding to normal rats

The aim of the present study was to clarify the mechanisms by which a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) produces an increase in the pancreatic β-cell mass in the rat. Normal Wistar rats were fed for 30 weeks either an SRD (SRD rats; 63% wt/wt), or the same diet but with starch instead of sucrose in the same proportion (CD rats). We studied body weight, serum glucose and triacylglycerol levels, endocrine tissue and β-cell mass, β-cell replication rate (proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PCNA), islet neogenesis (cytokeratin immunostaining) and β-cell apoptosis (propidium iodide). Body weight (g) recorded in the SRD rats was significantly (P<0.05) larger than that of the CD group (556.0 ± 8.3 vs 470.0 ± 13.1). Both serum glucose and triacylglycerol levels (mmol/l) were also significantly higher (P<0.05) in SRD than in CD rats (serum glucose, 8.11 ± 0.14 vs 6.62 ± 0.17; triacyglycerol, 1.57 ± 0.18 vs 0.47 ± 0.04). The number of pancreatic islets per unit area increased significantly (P<0.05) in SRD rats (3.29 ± 0.1 vs 2.01 ± 0.2). A significant increment (2.6 times) in the mass of endocrine tissue was detected in SRD animals, mainly due to an increase in the β-cell mass (P=0.0025). The islet cell replication rate, measured as the percentage of PCNA-labelled β cells increased 6.8 times in SRD rats (P<0.03). The number of apoptotic cells in the endocrine pancreas decreased significantly (three times) in the SRD animals (P=0.03). The cytokeratin-positive area did not show significant differences between CD and SRD rats. The increase of β-cell mass induced by SRD was accomplished by an enhanced replication of β cells together with a decrease in the rate of β-cell apoptosis, without any evident participation of islet neogenesis. This pancreatic reaction was unable to maintain serum glucose levels of these rats at the level measured in CD animals.Centro de Endocrinología Experimental y AplicadaFacultad de Ciencias Médica

A Comparison between Frame-based and Event-based Cameras for Flapping-Wing Robot Perception

Perception systems for ornithopters face severe challenges. The harsh vibrations and abrupt movements caused during flapping are prone to produce motion blur and strong lighting condition changes. Their strict restrictions in weight, size, and energy consumption also limit the type and number of sensors to mount onboard. Lightweight traditional cameras have become a standard off-the-shelf solution in many flapping-wing designs. However, bioinspired event cameras are a promising solution for ornithopter perception due to their microsecond temporal resolution, high dynamic range, and low power consumption. This paper presents an experimental comparison between frame-based and an event-based camera. Both technologies are analyzed considering the particular flapping-wing robot specifications and also experimentally analyzing the performance of well-known vision algorithms with data recorded onboard a flapping-wing robot. Our results suggest event cameras as the most suitable sensors for ornithopters. Nevertheless, they also evidence the open challenges for event-based vision on board flapping-wing robots

Emerging antibiotic resistance: a modern-day horseman of the apocalypse

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global public health crisis, posing a significant threat to the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. Mexico, faces a daunting challenge in tackling the rising prevalence of AMR. The misuse and overuse of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate infection control practices, and a lack of awareness among healthcare providers and the general public have all contributed to the rapid spread of resistant pathogens in the country. We aimed to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in patients hospitalized from January 2018 to December 2019 Methods: In this study, we analyzed blood, urine, wound, expectoration, and secretion cultures from January 2018 to December 2019 to assess antimicrobial resistance in our unit. We collected patient data, evaluated isolates using EUCAST and CLSI breakpoint tables, and excluded intrinsically resistant antibiotics. A circus plot graph was created to compare resistance profiles between the two years. SPSS version 25 and R Studio software were used for statistical analysis and visualization. Results: AMR increased across diverse organisms (2018-2019), notable rises in A. xylosoxidans (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin), A. baumannii (piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime), E. coli (ampicillin/sulbactam), K. pneumoniae (ceftazidime), P. aeruginosa (cefuroxime) were observed. Enterococcus faecalis displayed lowest resistance to nitrofurantoin/tobramycin, but highest to fosfomycin. Escherichia coli showed significant resistance to aztreonam, ampicillin/sulbactam, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited concerning levels of resistance to ceftriaxone, ampicillin/sulbactam, ceftazidime. Conclusions: AMR in our unit raise concerns for empiric therapy and infection control. Emerging resistance in key pathogens demands enhanced surveillance, rapid response, and robust infection control strategies, including meticulous hygiene, disinfection, antimicrobial stewardship, and resistance monitoring. Continuous optimization is crucial to combat this escalating public health threat in Mexico