Alguns dados sobre a Fauna entomológica da ilha das Flores - Açores

IV Expedição Científica do Departamento de Biologia - Flores 1989Com este trabalho, realizado em Julho de 1989 nas Flores - a ilha mais ocidental do Arquipélago dos Açores -, acrescentaram-se onze espécies de Lepidópteros à lista referenciada para aquela ilha, pertencendo uma à família Lycaenidae (Lampides boeticus L.), oito a familia Noctuidae (Agrotis ipsilon HFN., Brotolomia meticulosa L., Chrysodeixis chalcites ESPER., Heliothis armigera HBN., Noctua atlantica WARREN, Noctua pronuba L., Peridroma saucia HBN., Sesamia nonagrioides LEF.), uma à família Nymphalidae (Vanessa atalanta L.) e uma a família Pyralidae (Glyphodes unionalis HBN.). Entre os demais insectos, foram identificadas cerca de duas dezenas e meia de espécies, distribuídas pelas Ordens Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera e Collembola. Salienta-se ainda a importância, do ponto de vista agronómico, das pragas Mythimna unipuncta (HAWORTH) e Xestia c-nigrun L. naquela ilha.RÉSUMÉ: Avec ce travail, réalisé en Juillet 1989 a Flores - l'île plus occidental de l'archipel des Açores, onze espèces de Lépidoptères ont été ajoutées à la liste des espèces connus pour cette île, dont une appartient a la famille Lycaenidae (Lampides boelicus L.), huit à la famille Noctuidae (Agrotis ipsilon HFN., Brotolomia meticulosa L. Chrysodeicis chalcites ESPER., Heliothis armigera HBN., Noctua atlantica WARREN, Noctua pronuba L., Peridroma saucia HBN., Sesamia nonagrioides LEF.), une à la famille Nymphalidae (Vanessa atalanta L.) et une à la famille Pyralidae (Glyphodes unionalis HBN.). Parmi les autres insects ont été identifiés environ deux dizaines et demie d'espèces, lesquelles sont réparties par les Ordres Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera et Collembola. On remarque I'importance, du point de vue agronomique, des ravageurs Mythimna unipuncra (HAWORTH) et Xestia c-nigrum L. dans cette île

Microbial Translocation Is Associated with Extensive Immune Activation in Dengue Virus Infected Patients with Severe Disease

Background:Severe dengue virus (DENV) disease is associated with extensive immune activation, characterized by a cytokine storm. Previously, elevated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in dengue were found to correlate with clinical disease severity. In the present cross-sectional study we identified markers of microbial translocation and immune activation, which are associated with severe manifestations of DENV infection.Methods:Serum samples from DENV-infected patients were collected during the outbreak in 2010 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Levels of LPS, lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14) and IgM and IgG endotoxin core antibodies were determined by ELISA. Thirty cytokines were quantified using a multiplex luminex system. Patients were classified according to the 2009 WHO classification and the occurrence of plasma leakage/shock and hemorrhage. Moreover, a (non-supervised) cluster analysis based on the expression of the quantified cytokines was applied to identify groups of patients with similar cytokine profiles. Markers of microbial translocation were linked to groups with similar clinical disease severity and clusters with similar cytokine profiles.Results:Cluster analysis indicated that LPS levels were significantly increased in patients with a profound pro-inflammatory cytokine profile. LBP and sCD14 showed significantly increased levels in patients with severe disease in the clinical classification and in patients with severe inflammation in the cluster analysis. With both the clinical classification and the cluster analysis, levels of IL-6, IL-8, sIL-2R, MCP-1, RANTES, HGF, G-CSF and EGF were associated with severe disease.Conclusions:The present study provides evidence that both microbial translocation and extensive immune activation occur during severe DENV infection and may play an important role in the pathogenesis

Cytokine levels in dengue virus infected patients classified according to the 2009 WHO dengue classification.

<p>A: IL-6: Levels in severe patients are significantly increased compared WS− (P<0,0001) and WS+ (P<0,0001) patients (KW P<0,0001, KW dengue groups P<0,0001). B: IL-8: Levels in severe patients are significantly elevated compared to WS+ patients (P = 0,004) (KW P = 0,004, KW dengue groups P = 0,011). C: RANTES: Levels in severe (P = 0,002) patients are significantly decreased compared to WS− patients. Levels in all patient groups are significantly decreased compared to HC (WS− vs HC P = 0,001, WS+ and severe vs HC P<0,0001), (KW P<0,0001, KW dengue groups P = 0,006). D: MCP-1: Levels in WS+ patients are significantly decreased compared to WS− (P = 0,001) patients and HC (P = 0,008) (KW P = 0,006, KW dengue groups P = 0,006). E: HGF: Levels in severe (P = 0,001) and WS+ (P = 0,005) patients are significantly increased compared to WS-patients (KW P = 0,001, KW dengue groups P = 0,001). F: EGF: Levels in all patient groups are significantly decreased compared to HC (WS−, WS+ and severe vs HC P<0,0001, KW P<0,0001, KW dengue groups P = 0,03). G: G-CSF: Levels in severe patients are significantly increased compared to WS- patients (P = 0,003, KW P = 0,02, KW dengue groups P = 0,008). Legend: HC = healthy control, WS− = non-severe dengue without warning signs. WS+ = non-severe dengue with warning signs, KW = kruskal wallis. Horizontal bars inside the boxplot indicate the median. The box indicates the interquartile range. Black asterisk = significantly different from all other groups. Underlined black asterisk = significant difference between two groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups with each other.</p

LPS, LBP and sCD14 levels in dengue virus infected patients.

<p>LPS: A: No significant differences in the 2009 WHO dengue case classification. B: Levels in patients with shock were significantly increased compared to patients without plasma leakage (P = 0,04). C: Cluster analysis: cluster C was significantly elevated compared to cluster A (P = 0,01), and B (P = 0,02). LBP: D: Levels were significantly elevated in all dengue patients compared to HC (WS− vs HC P = 0,009, WS+ vs HC P = 0,03, Severe vs HC P = 0,01). Levels in patients with severe dengue were significantly elevated compared to WS− dengue (P = 0,03). E: Levels were elevated in patients with shock (P = 0,008) and no plasma leakage (P = 0,008) compared to HC. Levels were also elevated in patients with shock compared to patients with plasma leakage (P = 0,03). F: In the cluster analysis levels in cluster C were significantly elevated compared to cluster A (P = 0,002) and B (P = 0,007). Moreover, cluster B was significantly elevated compared to cluster A (P<0,0001). sCD14: G: In the 2009 classification levels of sCD14 in DENV infected patients were significantly elevated compared to HC (WS−, WS+ and severe vs HC P<0,0001). Levels were significantly increased in WS+ compared to WS− patients (P = 0,04). H: In the plasma leakage/shock classification levels of sCD14 in DENV infected patients were significantly elevated compared to HC (No, PL and shock vs HC P<0,0001). I: In the cluster analysis cluster B (P<0,0001) and C (P = 0,002) were significantly elevated compared to cluster A. Abbreviations: HC : healthy control, WS−: non-severe dengue without warning signs. WS+: non-severe dengue with warning signs, No : No occurrence of plasma leakage, PL: occurrence of plasma leakage. Horizontal bars inside the boxplot indicate the median. The box indicates the interquartile range. Black asterisk = significantly different from all other groups. Underlined black asterisk = significant difference between two groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups with each other.</p

IL-6, IL-8, IL-2R and RANTES are associated with mortality.

<p>A: IL-6: Levels are significantly elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors (P<,0,0001). B: IL-2R: Levels are significantly elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors (P = 0,005). C: G-CSF: Levels are significantly elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors (P = 0,001). D: RANTES: Levels are significantly decreased in non-survivors compared to survivors (P = 0,005). Underlined black asterisk = significant difference between two groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups with each other.</p

Heatmap of cluster analysis.

<p>A cluster analysis was performed with 23 cytokines, which resulted in a dendrogram indicated on the left of the heatmap. Every horizontal line indicates one patients. The vertical bar on the left of the heatmap indicates the disease severity of the patient. A: Cluster with mainly healthy controls and four dengue patients. B: Cluster with mild to moderately ill dengue virus infected patients. C: Cluster with severely ill dengue virus infected patients. Abbreviations: 1: non-severe dengue without warning signs. 2: non-severe dengue with warning signs. 3: severe dengue. +: patient died within 14 days after the onset of fever.</p

Clinical characteristics of the cluster analysis.

<p>Clinical manifestations of patients divided in the three clusters. Abbreviations: HC: healthy control, WS−: non-severe dengue without warning signs, WS+: non-severe dengue with warning signs, PL: plasma leakage.</p>*<p>values are given in median (interquartile range).</p

Baseline characteristics of the clinical classifications.

<p>Baseline characteristics of the cohort when the patients are divided according to the 2009 WHO dengue case classification, the occurrence of plasma leakage and shock and the occurrence of hemorrhagic manifestations. Abbreviations: WS−: non-severe dengue without warning signs, WS+: non-severe dengue with warning signs.</p>*<p>values are given in median (interquartile range).</p

Cytokine levels in dengue virus infected patients classified according to the occurrence of plasma leakage/shock.

<p>A: IL-6: Levels in shock patients are significantly increased compared to patients with (P = 0,001) and without (P<0,0001) plasma leakage (KW P<0,0001, KW dengue groups P<0,0001). B: IL-8: No significant differences (KW P = 0,01, KW dengue groups P = 0,04). C: RANTES: Levels in shock patients are significantly decreased compared to patients with (P = 0,002) and without (P<0,0001) plasma leakage. Levels in all patient groups are significantly decreased compared to HC (No, PL and shock vs HC P<0,0001, KW P<0,0001, KW dengue groups P = 0,001). D: MCP-1: No significant differences (KW P = 0,162, KW dengue groups P = 0,17). E: HGF: Levels in patients with shock are significantly increased compared to patients with no plasma leakage (P = 0,001) (KW P = 0,001, KW dengue groups P = 0,001). F: EGF: Levels in shock patients are significantly decreased compared to patients without (P = 0,004) plasma leakage. Levels in all patient groups are significantly decreased compared to HC (No, PL and shock vs HC P<0,0001, KW P<0,0001, KW dengue groups P = 0,015). G: G-CSF: Levels in patients with shock are significantly elevated compared to patients without plasma leakage (P = 0,002, KW P = 0,01, KW dengue groups P = 0,004). Abbreviations: HC =  healthy control, No =  no occurrence of plasma leakage, PL = plasma leakage, KW = kruskal wallis. Horizontal bars inside the boxplot indicate the median. The box indicates the interquartile range. Black asterisk = significantly different from all other groups. Underlined black asterisk = significant difference between two groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups with each other.</p