Upotreba alternativnih stimulatora porasta u tovu brojlerskih pilića

Subsequent to banning of use of antibiotics as growth promoter sin poultry nutrition, numerous studies turned to finding of alternative solutions, i.e. other, natural substances, which would have positive effect on chicken growth and feed conversion. Today, several groups of these additives are in use, and most often probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, acidifiers, antioxidants and phytogene additives. Considering that each of the stated groups has its own specificities, objective of this work was to present main mechanism of their action and to present their effect on production results in fattening of broiler chickens through review of research published in this field.Nakon zabrane upotrebe antibiotika kao promotera porasta u ishrani živine, veliki broj istraživanja okrenut je upravo iznalaženju alternativnih rešenja, odnosno nekih drugih, prirodnih supstanci koje će imati pozitivan efekat na prirast pilića i konverziju hrane. Danas je u upotrebi više grupa ovih aditiva, a najčešće se koriste probiotici, prebiotici, enzimi, zakišeljivači, antioksidanti i fitogeni aditivi. S obzirom na to da svaka od navedenih grupa ima svoje specifičnosti, cilj ovoga rada je da prikaže osnovni mehanizam njihovog delovanja i da kroz pregled novijih istraživanja iz ove oblasti prikaže njihov efekat na proizvodne rezultate u tovu brojlerskih pilića

Uticaj gustine naseljenosti na pojedine parametre dobrobiti brojlera - 2. različite gustine naseljenosti brojlera

Stocking density is considered one of the most important factors for the welfare of broilers. This paper is continuation of the study in order to obtain full evaluation of the impact of different broiler stocking densities on production performance, condition of the broiler legs and body feathering, as welfare indicators but also indicators of the productivity and quality of produced chickens. The effect of three stocking densities (20, 15 and 10 birds/m2) was investigated in 4 repetitions on broilers of genotype Hubbard at the age of 3 and 6 weeks. At the age of 6 weeks stocking density of 20 birds/m2 resulted in significantly lower growth of broilers, higher mortality and higher incidence of leg lesions and problems with body feathering, compared to stocking densities of 15 and 10 birds/m2.Gustina naseljenosti se smatra jednim od važnijih faktora za dobrobit brojlera. Rad predstavlja nastavak istraživanja u cilju potpunijeg sagledavanja efekata različitih gustina naseljenosti brojlera na proizvodne performanse, stanje nogu i telesnog pokrivača, kao indikatore dobrobiti ali i proizvodnosti i kvaliteta proizvedenih pilića. Ispitan je uticaj tri gustine naseljenosti (20, 15 i 10 grla/m2) u 4 ponavljanja na brojlerima genotipa Hubbard u uzrastu 3 i 6 nedelja. Gustina naseljenosti se, na osnovu ispitanih indikatora, ne može smatrati faktorom koji utiče na dobrobit pilića u uzrastu od 3 nedelje. U uzrastu od 6 nedelja gustina naseljenosti od 20 grla/m2 je rezultirala značajno manjim porastom brojlera, većim mortalitetom i većom frekvencijom pojavljivanja problema sa nogama i telesnim pokrivačem u odnosu na gustine od 15 i 10 grla/m2

Plesni i mikotoksini u zrnu kukuruza posle berbe

Incidence of toxigenic fungi (molds) and concentration of mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON) and fumonisin (FB1) were studied in the maize grains collected immediately after harvesting in 2012. A total of 29 maize samples were analyzed and the highest incidence was determined for fungal species of Rhizopus (56.41%), Aspergillus (43.66%) and Fusarium (14.97%) genera. Significantly lower incidence was obtained for species of genus Penicillium (3.31%), and especially for species of genera Acremonium (1.38%), Alternaria (0.75%) and Cladosporium (0.14%). Among toxigenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (36.69%) was the most common species of Aspergillus genus, whereas the Fusarium verticillioides with 14.69% of incidence was the predominant species of Fusarium genus. In all studied maize samples, the presence of AFB1, ZON and FB1 mycotoxins was established, except for DON which was established in 75.86% samples. AFB1 was detected in average concentration of 13.95 μg kg-1 for 44.83% of samples, and average concentration higher than 40 μg kg-1 for 55.17% of samples. The average concentrations of DON which was detected was 235 μg kg-1, while it was 98.38 μg kg-1 and 3590 μg kg-1 for the presence of ZON and FB1, respectively. Moderate positive correlation was obtained between concentrations of AFB1 and FB1 (r=0.35), while weak positive correlation was established between concentrations ZON and DON (r=0.02).Učestalost toksigenih gljiva (plesni) i koncentracija mikotoksina aflatoksina B1 (AFB1), deoksinivalenola (DON), zearalenona (ZON) i fumonizina B1 (FB1) je proučavana u uzorcima zrna kukuruza prikupljenim odmah posle berbe u 2012. godini. U ispitivanih 29 uzoraka najveću zastupljenost imaju vrste iz rodova Rhizopus (56,41%), Aspergillus (43,66%) i Fusarium (14,97%). Značajno niža učestalost ustanovljena je za vrste roda Penicillium (3.31%), a posebno za vrste iz rodova Alternaria (0,75%) i Cladosporium (0,14%). Među toksigenim vrstama, A. flavus (36,69%) je bila najučestalija vrsta iz roda Aspergillus, dok je F. verticillioides sa prisustvom od 14,69% bila dominantna vrsta roda Fusarium. U svim ispitivanim uzorcima kukuruza ustanovljeno je prisustvo mikotoksina AFB1, ZON-a i FB1 (100%), osim DON-a koji je bio prisutan u 75,86% uzoraka. AFB1 je detektovan u prosečnoj koncentraciji od 13,95 μg kg-1 u 44,83% uzoraka i u prosečnoj koncentraciji od više od 40 μg kg-1 u 55,17% uzoraka. Prosečna koncentracija DON-a je bila 235 μg kg-1, ZON-a 98,38 μg kg-1 i FB1 3590 μg kg-1. Srednja pozitivna korelacija ustanovljena je između koncentracija AFB1 i FB1 (r=0,35), dok je slaba pozitivna korelacija utvrđena između koncentracija ZON-a i DON-a (r=0,02)

Morfometrijske i mehaničke osobine kostiju nogu kod pilića autohtonih rasa gološijana u Srbiji

The purpose of this study was to estimate the morphometric and mechanical parameters of femur and tibiotarsal bone in male and female chickens of three Serbian autochthonous naked neck breeds (white, black and gray) and compared these values with chickens of commercial naked neck hybrid Farm Q. Chickens were reared in extensive system and fattening lasted 98 days (14 weeks) The bone length, weight, cross sectional diaphyseal geometry (total area, medullar area, cortical area) and bone breaking force were determined. Between the varieties of autochthonous naked neck breeds, the presence of significant difference was not established. Average bone mass and length, of femur in male chickens were 13.6 g and 8.2 cm and for tibiotarsal bone, 19.5 g and 11.7 cm. In a female chickens those values were 10.6 g and 7.8 cm for femur and 15.9 g and 11.0 cm for tibiotarsus. In a male chickens average breaking force of femur (36.1 kg) and tibiotarsus (31.6 kg) were higher than those in a female chickens (27.0; 29.6 kg, respectively). In comparison with chickens of commercial naked neck hybrid (Farm Q), chickens of three Serbian autochthonous naked neck breeds have had significantly lower (P (lt) 0.05) bone mass, cross sectional diaphyseal area and cross sectional medullar area. Bone length and cross sectional cortical area were not significantly differed. However, tibiotarsal strength, expressed as bone breaking force, were signifficantly (P (lt) 0.05) higher in a chickens of autochthonous naked neck breeds.Cilj ispitivanja je bio da se ustanove morfometrijske i mehaničke osobine kostiju nogu (butna kost i golenjača) pilića tri autohtona varijeteta gološijana koji se gaje u Srbiji (beli, crni i sivi) i poređenje tih rezultata sa parametrima golenjače komercijalnog hibrida gološijana Farm Q. Pilići su gajeni u ekstenzivnim uslovima a period tova je trajao 98 dana (14 nedelja). Na desnoj butnoj kosti i golenjači određivani su masa, dužina, parametri geometrije preseka dijafize (površina preseka dijafize, površina preseka medularne šupljine i površina preseka korteksa) i sila loma. Između varijeteta autohtonih pilića gološijana nije ustanovljeno postojanje značajnih razlika u osobinama kostiju ali su muški pilići ispoljili veće vrednosti u odnosu na ženke. Prosečne vrednosti mase i dužine butne kosti, kod muških pilića su iznosile 13.6 g i 8.2 cm a golenjače 19.5 g i 11.7 cm. Kod ženki ove vrednosti su prosečno iznosile, za butnu kost 10.6 g i 7.8 cm a za golenjaču 15.9 g i 11.0 cm. Vrednosti sile loma ispitivanih kostiju su pokazale da autohtoni gološijani imaju dobru čvrstoću kostiju. Kod mužjaka, prosečna sila loma butne kosti (36.1 kg) i golenjače (31.6 kg) su bile veće nego kod ženki (20.0 kg - butna kost; 29.6 kg - golenjača). U poređenju sa pilićima komercijalnog hibrida glošijana Farm Q, pilići autohtonih varijeteta su imali značajno (p (lt) 0.05) manju masu golenjače, površinu preseka dijafize i medularne šupljine. Dužina kosti i površina preseka korteksa se nisu značajno razlikovale. Međutim, čvrstoća golenjače, izražena kroz silu loma, bila je značajno (P (lt) 0.05) veća kod pilića autohtonih varijeteta gološijana

Some parameters of dried pork produced with lower salt content

Production of meat products with lower salt/sodium content is the goal of today's meat industry because of bad influence of exceed sodium intake by food. In this paper are presented some physico-chemical parameters during processing of dried pork produced with lower salt content. Pork (m. longissimus dorsi) was cured with nitrite curing salt in amount of 3 kg/100 kg of meat. In meat were measured the weight loss during curing and drying; moisture content by standard method SRPS ISO 1442:1998, water activity using awmeter (Wert-Messer, Durotherm) at temperature of 25°C; and pH value by pH-meter (MA-5730; PAT N° 35398, Iskra) according to SRPS ISO 29 17:2004. Average moisture content in dried meat at the end of production was 40.10%. Average weight loss was 2.39% after 7 days of production (after curing) and it is increased up to the end of production, average 34.57%. Acidity of meat during curing, smoking and drying was similar; pH value was around 6.00. Water activity was gradually decreased from average 0.985 after curing (7th day) up to 0.899 at the end of production. During the storage of dried meat under vacuum conditions, pH value decreased from 5.43 in the final product up to 5.11 at the end of storage (120th day). These values are characteristic for curing, drying and fermentation of meat. Dried meat was shelf stable for 120 day under vacuum conditions, without signs of rancidity and without changes in other sensory attributes

Association of female gonadal hormones and immunity in depression

In this study, we examined the influence of immunity on depressive-like behavior in females in the context of gonadal hormones. We used neuroinflammatory model of depression elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on naïve and ovariectomozed (OVX) females and examined the effects of estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P4) replacement therapy on Wistar rat behavior. LPS induced depressive–like behavior in both naïve and OVX females. Our behavioral data indicated that E2 and P4 applied alone had opposite effects compared to the E2/P4 combination. The supplementation of both hormones attenuates detrimental effects of LPSinduced inflammation, particularly through stimulation of noradrenergic transmission. Overall immune challenge with LPS is able to induce depressive-like behavior either of naïve or ovariectomized females, particularly depending on ovarian hormones background

Maternal Deprivation of Rat Pups Reduces Body Weight and Alters Behavior in Adulthood in a Gender-Specific Manner

The early postnatal environment is critical for its capacity to influence adult behavior, and is associated with traits of altered physiological and neurobiological function and long-term predisposition to depression. Here we describe the delayed effects of maternal deprivation (MD) in male and female Wistar pups on their physical development and behavior in adulthood in tasks designed to explore depressive-like (forced swimming test, FST), and anxiety-like behaviors (elevated plus maze, EPM). We observed that MD led to reduced body weight in adulthood, anxiety-like traits in the EPM test and increased activity in the phases of the FST. Particularly, a consistent sexual dimorphism was observed in the responses to MD. A lower increase in body weight during maturation of MD rats was more pronounced in males than in females. MD anxiogenic effects were more pronounced in females, while in FST only MD males showed a marked increase in swimming activity followed by decreased immobility

Egg characteristics of New Hampshire laying hens from floor and organic rearing systems

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two alternative rearing systems (floor and organic) on egg quality traits of New Hampshire laying hens in three different phases of the productive cycle (32, 48 and 72 weeks of age). Egg samples (15 eggs per group) were analysed for quality (egg weight, egg shape index, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk colour) and chemical composition (dry matter, minerals, proteins and lipids). Egg weight, dry matter and protein content increased, while albumen height, Haugh unit and lipid content decreased with hen age (p≤0.05). Eggs from the floor rearing system had a higher shape index and lipid content compared to organic eggs (p≤0.05). Both factors and their interactions had a significant effect on yolk colour (p≤0.05)

Čvrstoća ljuske jaja

Eggshell quality was studied in two groups of Shaver hens (300 hens per group) 30 weeks of age. All hens received a basic diet of the same composition with pulverized limestone as a source of calcium. The experimental group received 2 g of granular limestone (particle size 1.1-1.4 mm) per hen per day during one week, adding on the concentrate in the afternoon. Significantly lower deformation (19 m), higher breaking force (4,1 kg) and shell thickness (39, 3 x 0.01 mm) were registered for eggs of experimental group of hens than for eggs of control group (24 m; 3.3 kg 36.5 x 0.01 mm, respectively). The results obtained in our investigation showed possibilities of eggshell strength improvement using 2 g of larger particle size of limestone as additional source of calcium.Kokoši nosilje, uzrasta 30 nedelja su tokom sedam dana ogleda, pored kompletne smeše za ishranu, dobijale dodatno 2 g krupno mlevenog mermera, po nosilji na dan, posipanjem po hrani u toku popodnevnog perioda. Ovaj postupak je pokazao statistički značajan uticaj na poboljšanje čvrstoće ljuske. Dodatnom ishranom sa 2 g mermera po nosilji na dan ostvarena je statistički značajno manja vrednost deformacije ljuske uz istovremeno statistički značajno veće vrednosti sile loma i debljine ljuske u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu nosilja, koje nisu dobijale dodatne količine mermera

Fluoxetine normalized nuclear phospho erk1/2 signaling in stressed females

A growing body of evidence indicates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) participates in various stress-induced responses which isconsider to beinvolved in pathophysiology of depression. Surprisingly, the effect of antidepressants on ERKs is almost unexplored, particularly from the perspective of sexes.In the present study, we investigated the potential role of cytoplasm-nuclear distribution of phospho-ERK1/2 in the hippocampus of chronically stressed female and male Wistar rats and if those potential changes could be attenuated with chronic fluoxetine treatment. In females, stress induced cytosolic retention of phospho-ERKs, while in malesitpromoted the nuclear translocation of phospho-ERK 1/2. The effect of concomitant fluoxetine treatment was more pronounced in stressed females, with main focus on normalization of its nuclear phospho-ERK 1/2 levels