Bergbauern

Das vorliegende Werk befasst sich mit Österreichischen Bergbauern im Land Salzburg. Besonderes Interesse gilt hierbei dem Hof, der Arbeit am Hof und der bäuerlichen Familie. Diese Abhandlung stützt sich nicht nur auf diverse wissenschaftliche Quellen, sondern auch auf meine empirische Forschung im Oberpinzgau. Die untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Höfe sind zum Großteil Familienbetriebe. Eine bäuerliche Familie kann demnach auch als Produktionsgemeinschaft bezeichnet werden, da die Arbeiten fast ausschließlich von den eigenen Familienmitgliedern vollzogen werden. Bergbauern produzieren mehr für den Markt, als für sich selbst. Bergbauern suchen sich neben ihrer landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit meist noch nach zusätzlichen Einkommensquellen, unabhängig von Wirtschafts- und Erwerbsform, da der in der Landwirtschaft generierte Verdienst nicht ausreicht, um den Hof am neuesten Stand zu halten. Berghöfe werden überwiegend ungeteilt an einen der Söhne weitergegeben, sofern männliche Nachkommen am Hof vorhanden sind. Ausschlaggebend für diese Entscheidung ist meist das landwirtschaftliche Interesse der Kinder. Die Hauptarbeit am Hof leistet das bäuerliche Ehepaar, wobei die einzelnen Tätigkeiten am Hof teils nach Geschlecht getrennt sind. Die Bäuerinnen sind für den Haushalt und den Garten verantwortlich, maschinelle Arbeiten fallen hingegen in den Arbeitsbereich der Männer; am Feld und im Stall arbeiten beide oftmals zusammen. Die Bauern erfahren gelegentlich eine gewisse Unterstützung von Seiten ihrer Kinder und Eltern. Die Familienstruktur hat folglich einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die bäuerliche Wirtschaft, Nachbarschaftshilfe scheint dagegen immer weniger zu werden da man aufgrund der maschinellen Aufrüstung zunehmend unabhängig ist. Die regelmäßige Zusammenarbeit innerhalb der Familie bestärkt deren Zusammenhalt. Im Gegensatz zu vorangegangen Arbeiten wurden im Rahmen der Feldforschung für diese Arbeit im Oberpinzgau wiederholt Familienstrukturen vorgefunden, die dem klassischen Bild der Großfamilie entsprechen. Auch eine Trennung zwischen Betriebs- und Haushaltskassa wurde nicht beobachtet.This work concerns itself with Austrian peasants in Salzburg. Special interest is paid to the farmyard, the work carried out there and the peasant family. This thesis is not only based on various scientific sources, but also on my own empiric field research in Upper Pinzgau. The investigated farmyards are mainly family farms. A peasant family can also be viewed as a community devoted to production, because work is almost exclusively done by family members. Peasants do not only work for sustaining themselves but for gaining surplus by participation in the market. Peasants generate additional income by working outside of their farmyards in order to afford necessary investments. Farmyards are predominantly passed on to one of the male descendants as impartible single-heir inheritance. An additional criterion for this decision is the interest demonstrated in agriculture. The main work on the farmyard is done by the peasant couple, whereas some jobs are divided by gender. Female peasants are responsible for the chores, home and garden while mechanical tasks are attributed to male peasants. Support is also given by children and parents. The family structure is therefore also responsible for maintaining peasant economy. Neighbourly help is observed less constantly due to increased mechanization. Regular work in the family strengthens social cohesion. In contrast to previous scientific findings, empiric field work carried out within the scope of this thesis repeatedly found family structures best described as extended families in Upper Pinzgau. Additionally, a financial separation between farmyard and household income wasn’t observed

Chemical Information Media in the Chemistry Lecture Hall: A Comparative Assessment of Two Online Encyclopedias

The chemistry encyclopedia Römpp Online and the German universal encyclopedia Wikipedia were assessed by first-year university students on the basis of a set of 30 articles about chemical thermodynamics. Criteria with regard to both content and form were applied in the comparison; 619 ratings (48% participation rate) were returned. While both encyclopedias obtained very good marks and performed nearly equally with regard to their accuracy, the average overall mark for Wikipedia was better than for Römpp Online, which obtained lower marks with regard to completeness and length. Analysis of the results and participants' comments shows that students attach importance to completeness, length and comprehensibility rather than accuracy, and also attribute less value to the availability of sources which validate an encyclopedia article. Both encyclopedias can be promoted as a starting reference to access a topic in chemistry. However, it is recommended that instructors should insist that students do not rely solely on encyclopedia texts, but use and cite primary literature in their reports

Mapping Orthorhombic Domains with Geometrical Phase Analysis in Rare-Earth Nickelate Heterostructures

Most perovskite oxides belong to the Pbnm space group, composed by an anisotropic unit cell, A-site antipolar displacements and oxygen octahedral tilts. Mapping the orientation of the orthorhombic unit cell in epitaxial heterostructures that consist of at least one Pbnm compound is often required to understand and control the different degrees of coupling established at their coherent interfaces and, therefore, their resulting physical properties. However, retrieving this information from the strain maps generated with high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy can be challenging, because the three pseudocubic lattice parameters are very similar in these systems. Here, we present a novel methodology for mapping the crystallographic orientation in Pbnm systems. It makes use of the geometrical phase analysis algorithm, as applied to aberration-corrected scanning transition electron microscopy images, but in an unconventional way. The method is fast and robust, giving real-space maps of the lattice orientations in Pbnm systems, from both cross-sectional and plan-view geometries and across large fields of view. As an example, we apply our methodology to rare-earth nickelate heterostructures, in order to investigate how the crystallographic orientation of these films depends on various structural constraints that are imposed by the underlying single crystal substrates. We observe that the resulting domain distributions and associated defect landscapes mainly depend on a competition between the epitaxial compressive/tensile and shear strains, together with the matching of atomic displacements at the substrate/film interface. The results point towards strategies for controlling these characteristics by appropriate substrate choice.Comment: 32 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

Thermal and electrostatic tuning of surface phonon-polaritons in LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃ heterostructures

Phonon polaritons are promising for infrared applications due to a strong light-matter coupling and subwavelength energy confinement they offer. Yet, the spectral narrowness of the phonon bands and difficulty to tune the phonon polariton properties hinder further progress in this field. SrTiO3 – a prototype perovskite oxide - has recently attracted attention due to two prominent far-infrared phonon polaritons bands, albeit without any tuning reported so far. Here we show, using cryogenic infrared near-field microscopy, that long-propagating surface phonon polaritons are present both in bare SrTiO3 and in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures hosting a two-dimensional electron gas. The presence of the two-dimensional electron gas increases dramatically the thermal variation of the upper limit of the surface phonon polariton band due to temperature dependent polaronic screening of the surface charge carriers. Furthermore, we demonstrate a tunability of the upper surface phonon polariton frequency in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 via electrostatic gating. Our results suggest that oxide interfaces are a new platform bridging unconventional electronics and long-wavelength nanophotonics.</p

Magnetic phase diagram of Ca-substituted Eu2Fe2As2

ISSN:1098-0121ISSN:0163-1829ISSN:1550-235XISSN:0556-2805ISSN:2469-9969ISSN:1095-379

Mapping orthorhombic domains with geometrical phase analysis in rare-earth nickelate heterostructures

Most perovskite oxides belong to the Pbnm space group, composed of an anisotropic unit cell, A-site antipolar displacements, and oxygen octahedral tilts. Mapping the orientation of the orthorhombic unit cell in epitaxial heterostructures that consist of at least one Pbnm compound is often needed for understanding and controlling the different degrees of coupling established at their coherent interfaces and, therefore, their resulting physical properties. However, retrieving this information from the strain maps generated with high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy can be challenging, because the three pseudocubic lattice parameters are very similar in these systems. Here, we present a novel methodology for mapping the crystallographic orientation in Pbnm systems. It makes use of the geometrical phase analysis algorithm, as applied to aberration-corrected scanning transition electron microscopy images, but in an unconventional way. The method is fast and robust, giving real-space maps of the lattice orientations in Pbnm systems, from both cross section and plan-view geometries, and across large fields of view. As an example, we apply our methodology to rare-earth nickelate heterostructures, in order to investigate how the crystallographic orientation of these films depends on various structural constraints that are imposed by the underlying single crystal substrates. We observe that the resulting domain distributions and associated defect landscapes mainly depend on a competition between the epitaxial compressive/tensile and shear strains, together with the matching of atomic displacements at the substrate/film interface. The results point toward strategies for controlling these characteristics by appropriate substrate choice

Structural study of nickelate based heterostructures

Heterostructures consisting of SmNiO3 and NdNiO3 alternating layers with additional LaAlO3 spacer layers were grown and fully characterized by means of x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. A change in the orientation of the orthorhombic long-axis of the nickelate layers is observed when a single unit cell of LaAlO3 is inserted between SmNiO3 and NdNiO3, in agreement with density functional theory calculations. At the same time, the structure of the ultra-thin rhombohedral LaAlO3 layers is affected by their proximity to orthorhombic nickelate layers, with both scanning transmission electron microscopy studies and density functional theory calculations revealing a weak antipolar motion of the La-cation in the LaAlO3 layers that is not present in the bulk rhombohedral structure of this compound.</p