Adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist (CGS-21680) prevents endotoxin-induced effects on nucleotidase activities in mouse lymphocytes

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) released during inflammation presents proinflammatory properties. Adenosine, produced by catabolism of ATP, is an anti-inflammatory compound. Considering the role of ATP and adenosine in inflammation and the importance of ectonucleotidases in the maintenance of their extracellular levels, we investigated the effect of a selective agonist of the adenosine A(2A) receptor (CGS-21680) on ectonucleotidase activities and gene expression patterns in lymphocytes from mice submitted to an endotoxemia model. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 12 mg/kg Lipopolyssacharide (LPS) and/or 0.5 mg/kg CGS-21680 or saline. Nucleotidase activities were determined in lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes and analysis of ectonucleotidase expression was carried out by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Exposure to endotoxemia promoted an increase in nucleotide hydrolysis. When CGS-21680 was administered concomitantly with LPS, this increase was prevented for ATP, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), and p-Nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP) hydrolysis. However, when CGS-21680 was administered 24 h after LPS injection, the increase was not reversed. the expression pattern of ectonucleotidases was not altered between LPS and LPS plus CGS-21680 groups, indicating that the transcriptional control was not involved on the effect exerted for CGS-21680. These results showed an enhancement of extracellular nucleotide catabolism in lymphocytes after induction of endotoxemia, which was prevented, but not reversed by CGS-21680 administration. These findings suggest that the control of nucleotide and nucleoside levels exerted by CGS-21680 could contribute to the modulation of the inflammatory process promoted by adenosine A(2A) agonists. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul, Programa Posgrad Biol Celular & Mol, Dept Biol Celular & Mol, Lab Neuroquim & Psicofarmacol,Fac Biociencias, BR-90619900 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniv Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Inst Ciencias Basicas Saude, Dept Bioquim, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Biol Bioquim, BR-90035003 Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Farmacol, Programa Posgrad Farmacol, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Farmacol, Programa Posgrad Farmacol, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Purinergic signaling in the modulation of redox biology

Purinergic signaling is a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides. Tri- and diphosphonucleotides are released in physiological and pathological circumstances activating purinergic type 2 receptors (P2 receptors): P2X ion channels and P2Y G protein-coupled receptors. The activation of these receptors triggers the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and alters antioxidant defenses, modulating the redox biology of cells. The activation of P2 receptors is controlled by ecto-enzymes named ectonucleotidases, E-NTPDase1/CD39 and ecto-5’-nucleotidase/CD73) being the most relevant. The first enzyme hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and the second catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine. The activity of these enzymes is diminished by oxidative stress. Adenosine actives P1 G-coupled receptors that, in general, promote the maintenance of redox hemostasis by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increase antioxidant enzymes. Intracellular purine metabolism can also contribute to ROS generation via xanthine oxidase activity, which converts hypoxanthine into xanthine, and finally, uric acid. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of redox biology modulated by purinergic signaling and how this signaling may be affected by disturbances in the redox homeostasis of cells

Hyperthermia and associated changes in membrane fluidity potentiate P2X7 activation to promote tumor cell death

Extracellular ATP (eATP) accumulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has the potential to activate purinergic signaling. The eATP evoked signaling effects bolster antitumor immune responses while exerting direct cytotoxicity on tumor cells and vascular endothelial cells, mediated at least in part through P2X7 receptors. Approaches to augment purinergic signaling in TME e.g. by ectonucleotidase CD39 blockade, and/or boosting P2X7 functional responses, might be used as immunomodulatory therapies in cancer treatment. In this study, we delineated the translatable strategy of hyperthermia to demonstrate impacts on P2X7 responsiveness to eATP. Hyperthermia (40°C) was noted to enhance eATP-mediated cytotoxicity on MCA38 colon cancer cells. Increased membrane fluidity induced by hyperthermia boosted P2X7 functionality, potentiating pore opening and modulating downstream AKT/PRAS40/mTOR signaling events. When combined with cisplatin or mitomycin C, hyperthermia and eATP together markedly potentiate cancer cell death. Our data indicate that clinically tolerable hyperthermia with modulated P2X7-purinergic signaling will boost efficacy of conventional cancer treatments

P2X7 receptor contributes to long-term neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in sepsis-surviving mice

Introduction: sepsis is defined as a multifactorial debilitating condition with high risks of death. The intense inflammatory response causes deleterious effects on the brain, a condition called sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neuroinflammation or pathogen recognition are able to stress cells, resulting in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) release and P2X7 receptor activation, which is abundantly expressed in the brain. The P2X7 receptor contributes to chronic neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases; however, its function in long-term neurological impairment caused by sepsis remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of P2X7 receptor activation in neuroinflammatory and behavioral changes in sepsis-surviving mice. Methods: sepsis was induced in wild-type (WT), P2X7−/− , and BBG (Brilliant Blue G)-treated mice by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). On the thirteenth day after the surgery, the cognitive function of mice was assessed using the novel recognition object and Water T-maze tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, microglial and astrocytic activation markers, and cytokine production were also evaluated. Results: Initially, we observed that both WT and P2X7−/− sepsis-surviving mice showed memory impairment 13 days after surgery, once they did not differentiate between novel and familiar objects. Both groups of animals presented increased AChE activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. However, the absence of P2X7 prevented partly this increase in the cerebral cortex. Likewise, P2X7 absence decreased ionized calcium-binding protein 1 (Iba−1 ) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) upregulation in the cerebral cortex of sepsis-surviving animals. There was an increase in GFAP protein levels in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus of both WT and P2X7−/− sepsis-surviving animals. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of P2X7 receptor attenuated the production of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Conclusion: the modulation of the P2X7 receptor in sepsis-surviving animals may reduce neuroinflammation and prevent cognitive impairment due to sepsisassociated encephalopathy, being considered an important therapeutic target

Alterações neuroquímicas e comportamentais induzidas pela exposição à prolina em peixe-zebra (Dano rerio)

A hiperprolinemia é uma doença metabólica que pode ser causada por dois distintos erros inatos do metabolismo da prolina. A hiperprolinemia tipo I ocorre por uma deficiência na enzima prolina oxidase, enquanto que a hiperprolinemia tipo II é causada pela ausência da atividade da enzima Δ1-pirrolino-5-carboxilato desidrogenase. Os pacientes afetados por essa doença geralmente apresentam manifestações neurológicas, tais como convulsões, déficit cognitivo e retardo mental. Além disso, tem sido descrita uma associação entre a hiperprolinemia moderada e doenças psiquiátricas. Entretanto, os mecanismos neuroquímicos relacionados a esses sintomas neurológicos ainda são pouco compreendidos. Portanto, no presente estudo, investigamos o efeito da exposição aguda e crônica à prolina sobre parâmetros comportamentais em peixe-zebra, tais como: atividade locomotora, ansiedade e interação social. Além disso, avaliamos o efeito in vivo e in vitro da prolina sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), bem como sobre a atividade e expressão gênica das ectonucleotidases em cérebro de peixe-zebra. Para os estudos in vivo, os animais foram expostos a duas concentrações de prolina (1,5 e 3,0 mM) durante 1 hora ou 7 dias (tratamento agudo e crônico, respectivamente). Para os ensaios in vitro, diferentes concentrações de prolina foram testadas (variando de 3,0 a 1000 μM). A exposição aguda à prolina não promoveu alterações significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos e comportamentais analisados. Entretanto, a exposição crônica à prolina na concentração de 1,5 mM provocou um aumento na atividade locomotora do peixe-zebra, caracterizada pelo aumento no número de linhas cruzadas (47%), na distância total percorrida (29%) e na velocidade média (33%). Um aumento significativo no tempo gasto na parte superior do aquário (91%) também foi observado após esse mesmo tratamento, o que pode ser interpretado como um comportamento ansiolítico. A prolina na concentração de 1,5 mM também induziu o déficit de interação social (78%), quando comparado ao grupo controle. Além disso, exposição crônica aumentou significativamente a atividade da AChE em ambos os grupos tratados (34% e 39%). Esse mesmo tratamento também aumentou a hidrólise de ATP em ambas as concentrações testadas (14% e 22%, respectivamente), enquanto que a hidrólise de ADP e AMP aumentou apenas na concentração de 3,0 mM (21% e 17%, respectivamente). A expressão gênica da E-NTPDase3 aumentou em ambos os grupos tratados após a exposição crônica à prolina, enquanto que a E-NTPDase1 teve seus níveis de transcritos aumentados apenas na concentração de 3,0 mM. A prolina, quando avaliada in vitro, não promoveu alterações significativas nas atividades das ectonucleotidase e da AChE. Por fim, demonstramos, ainda, que as alterações comportamentais e o aumento da atividade da AChE induzidos pela prolina foram completamente revertidos pela administração aguda de um antipsicótico atípico (sulpirida), mas não por um típico (haloperidol). Em conjunto, estes dados demonstram que a exposição crônica à prolina induz alterações comportamentais, bem como aumenta a atividade da AChE e catabolismo de nucleotídeos em cérebro de peixe-zebra. Esses achados podem contribuir, pelo menos em parte, para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos relacionados às manifestações neurológicas verificadas em pacientes hiperprolinêmicos, como os transtornos psicóticos e cognitivos. Além disso, este estudo pode facilitar o uso do peixe-zebra como modelo experimental para o estudo de erros inatos do metabolismo que afetam o sistema nervoso central.Hyperprolinemia is a metabolic disease that may be caused by two distinct inborn errors of proline metabolism. Hyperprolinemia type I occurs by a deficiency in proline oxidase, while the hyperprolinemia type II is caused by an absence of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. Patients affected by this disease usually present neurological manifestations, such as seizures, cognitive impairment, and mental retardation. Moreover, an association between psychiatry disorders and moderate hyperprolinemia has been reported. However, the mechanisms related to these neurological symptoms still remain poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of short- and long-term proline exposure on behavioral parameters in zebrafish, such as locomotor activity, anxiety, and social interaction. In addition, we evaluated the in vivo and in vitro effects of proline on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, as well as on ectonucleotidase activities and gene expression in zebrafish brain. For the in vivo studies, animals were exposed at two proline concentrations (1.5 and 3.0 mM) during 1 hour or 7 days (short- or long-term treatments, respectively). For the in vitro assays, different proline concentrations (ranging from 3.0 μM to 1000 μM) were tested. Short-term proline exposure did not promote significant changes on the behavioral and biochemical parameters analyzed. Long-term exposure at 1.5 mM proline caused an increase in locomotor activity in zebrafish, characterized by an increase in the number of line crossings (47%), in the total distance traveled (29%), and in the mean speed (33%). A significant increase in the time spent in the upper portion of the test tank was also observed after the same treatment (91%), which may be interpreted as an indicator of anxiolytic behavior. Proline at 1.5 mM also induced social interaction impairment (78%), when compared to the untreated group. Moreover, long-term proline exposure significantly increased AChE activity for both treated groups (34% and 39%). This treatment also increased ATP catabolism in both concentrations tested (14% and 22%, respectively), whereas ADP and AMP hydrolysis were increased only at 3.0 mM proline (21% and 17%, respectively). The gene expression of E-NTPDase3 increased in both treated groups after long-term proline, whereas E-NTPDase1 transcript levels increased only at concentration of 3.0 mM. Proline, when assessed in vitro, did not promote significant changes on AChE and ectonucleotidase activities. At last, we demonstrated the proline-induced behavioral changes and increase in AChE activity were completely reversed by acute administration of an atypical antipsychotic drug (sulpiride), but not by a typical (haloperidol). Altogether, these data demonstrate that long-term proline exposure induces behavioral changes as well as increases AChE activity and nucleotide catabolism in zebrafish brain. These findings may contribute, at least in part, to better understand the mechanisms related to the neurological manifestations observed in hyperprolinemic patients, such as the psychotic and cognitive dysfunctions. Moreover, this study might facilitate the use of the zebrafish as experimental model for studying inborn errors of amino acid metabolism that affect the central nervous system

Alterações neuroquímicas e comportamentais induzidas pela exposição à prolina em peixe-zebra (Dano rerio)

A hiperprolinemia é uma doença metabólica que pode ser causada por dois distintos erros inatos do metabolismo da prolina. A hiperprolinemia tipo I ocorre por uma deficiência na enzima prolina oxidase, enquanto que a hiperprolinemia tipo II é causada pela ausência da atividade da enzima Δ1-pirrolino-5-carboxilato desidrogenase. Os pacientes afetados por essa doença geralmente apresentam manifestações neurológicas, tais como convulsões, déficit cognitivo e retardo mental. Além disso, tem sido descrita uma associação entre a hiperprolinemia moderada e doenças psiquiátricas. Entretanto, os mecanismos neuroquímicos relacionados a esses sintomas neurológicos ainda são pouco compreendidos. Portanto, no presente estudo, investigamos o efeito da exposição aguda e crônica à prolina sobre parâmetros comportamentais em peixe-zebra, tais como: atividade locomotora, ansiedade e interação social. Além disso, avaliamos o efeito in vivo e in vitro da prolina sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), bem como sobre a atividade e expressão gênica das ectonucleotidases em cérebro de peixe-zebra. Para os estudos in vivo, os animais foram expostos a duas concentrações de prolina (1,5 e 3,0 mM) durante 1 hora ou 7 dias (tratamento agudo e crônico, respectivamente). Para os ensaios in vitro, diferentes concentrações de prolina foram testadas (variando de 3,0 a 1000 μM). A exposição aguda à prolina não promoveu alterações significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos e comportamentais analisados. Entretanto, a exposição crônica à prolina na concentração de 1,5 mM provocou um aumento na atividade locomotora do peixe-zebra, caracterizada pelo aumento no número de linhas cruzadas (47%), na distância total percorrida (29%) e na velocidade média (33%). Um aumento significativo no tempo gasto na parte superior do aquário (91%) também foi observado após esse mesmo tratamento, o que pode ser interpretado como um comportamento ansiolítico. A prolina na concentração de 1,5 mM também induziu o déficit de interação social (78%), quando comparado ao grupo controle. Além disso, exposição crônica aumentou significativamente a atividade da AChE em ambos os grupos tratados (34% e 39%). Esse mesmo tratamento também aumentou a hidrólise de ATP em ambas as concentrações testadas (14% e 22%, respectivamente), enquanto que a hidrólise de ADP e AMP aumentou apenas na concentração de 3,0 mM (21% e 17%, respectivamente). A expressão gênica da E-NTPDase3 aumentou em ambos os grupos tratados após a exposição crônica à prolina, enquanto que a E-NTPDase1 teve seus níveis de transcritos aumentados apenas na concentração de 3,0 mM. A prolina, quando avaliada in vitro, não promoveu alterações significativas nas atividades das ectonucleotidase e da AChE. Por fim, demonstramos, ainda, que as alterações comportamentais e o aumento da atividade da AChE induzidos pela prolina foram completamente revertidos pela administração aguda de um antipsicótico atípico (sulpirida), mas não por um típico (haloperidol). Em conjunto, estes dados demonstram que a exposição crônica à prolina induz alterações comportamentais, bem como aumenta a atividade da AChE e catabolismo de nucleotídeos em cérebro de peixe-zebra. Esses achados podem contribuir, pelo menos em parte, para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos relacionados às manifestações neurológicas verificadas em pacientes hiperprolinêmicos, como os transtornos psicóticos e cognitivos. Além disso, este estudo pode facilitar o uso do peixe-zebra como modelo experimental para o estudo de erros inatos do metabolismo que afetam o sistema nervoso central.Hyperprolinemia is a metabolic disease that may be caused by two distinct inborn errors of proline metabolism. Hyperprolinemia type I occurs by a deficiency in proline oxidase, while the hyperprolinemia type II is caused by an absence of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase. Patients affected by this disease usually present neurological manifestations, such as seizures, cognitive impairment, and mental retardation. Moreover, an association between psychiatry disorders and moderate hyperprolinemia has been reported. However, the mechanisms related to these neurological symptoms still remain poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of short- and long-term proline exposure on behavioral parameters in zebrafish, such as locomotor activity, anxiety, and social interaction. In addition, we evaluated the in vivo and in vitro effects of proline on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, as well as on ectonucleotidase activities and gene expression in zebrafish brain. For the in vivo studies, animals were exposed at two proline concentrations (1.5 and 3.0 mM) during 1 hour or 7 days (short- or long-term treatments, respectively). For the in vitro assays, different proline concentrations (ranging from 3.0 μM to 1000 μM) were tested. Short-term proline exposure did not promote significant changes on the behavioral and biochemical parameters analyzed. Long-term exposure at 1.5 mM proline caused an increase in locomotor activity in zebrafish, characterized by an increase in the number of line crossings (47%), in the total distance traveled (29%), and in the mean speed (33%). A significant increase in the time spent in the upper portion of the test tank was also observed after the same treatment (91%), which may be interpreted as an indicator of anxiolytic behavior. Proline at 1.5 mM also induced social interaction impairment (78%), when compared to the untreated group. Moreover, long-term proline exposure significantly increased AChE activity for both treated groups (34% and 39%). This treatment also increased ATP catabolism in both concentrations tested (14% and 22%, respectively), whereas ADP and AMP hydrolysis were increased only at 3.0 mM proline (21% and 17%, respectively). The gene expression of E-NTPDase3 increased in both treated groups after long-term proline, whereas E-NTPDase1 transcript levels increased only at concentration of 3.0 mM. Proline, when assessed in vitro, did not promote significant changes on AChE and ectonucleotidase activities. At last, we demonstrated the proline-induced behavioral changes and increase in AChE activity were completely reversed by acute administration of an atypical antipsychotic drug (sulpiride), but not by a typical (haloperidol). Altogether, these data demonstrate that long-term proline exposure induces behavioral changes as well as increases AChE activity and nucleotide catabolism in zebrafish brain. These findings may contribute, at least in part, to better understand the mechanisms related to the neurological manifestations observed in hyperprolinemic patients, such as the psychotic and cognitive dysfunctions. Moreover, this study might facilitate the use of the zebrafish as experimental model for studying inborn errors of amino acid metabolism that affect the central nervous system

Purinergic signaling in infection and autoimmune disease

Purinergic signaling plays a key role in inflammatory processes and modulates immune responses against a variety of bacterial and eukaryotic parasites. Here we highlight the role of purinergic receptor activation in infection and autoimmune diseases. Purinergic signaling and inflammasomes modulate the host immune response against chlamydial infections. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that purinergic signaling contributes to Schistosomiasis morbidity, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms called schistosomes. Finally, the P2X7 receptor and NLRP3 inflammasome have been described to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, suggesting that these signaling pathways as suitable therapeutic targets for management and treatment of different immune diseases. Keywords: Purinergic receptors, Schistosoma mansoni, NLRP3 inflammasome, P2X7 receptor, Chlamydia, Systemic lupus erythematosu

The role of p2x7 receptor in infectious inflammatory diseases and the influence of ectonucleotidases

The purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7) is ubiquitously expressed in almost all tissues and organs of the body with the highest distribution in the immune cells of monocyte-macrophage origin. Classically, P2X7 receptor is involved in apoptotic cell death, and it is well known that extracellular ATP ligation to this purinergic receptor serves as an important secondary stimulus, which is also considered as danger signal for the interleukin (IL)-1β cleavage and secretion from pro-inflammatory cells. More recently, however, there has been substantial evidence of additional roles for the P2X7 receptor, both in innate immune response and as an adaptive link, including T-cell activation in a chronic state of inflammation. Also, compelling evidences have revealed an important role for ectonucleotidases as ATP-consuming enzymes in the control and fine-tuning of P2X7 function by regulating the time, concentration, and availability of ATP during infection-driven inflammation. This review focuses on the current evidences for P2X7 receptor involvement in the initial stages of inflammation, as well as for its role in acute and chronic stages of infection. Here, we also highlight the role of ectonucleotidase family in the control of P2X7 function, including the initial and resolution phases of inflammation

Multifaceted Effects of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine in the Tumor–Host Interaction and Therapeutic Perspectives

Cancer is still one of the world’s most pressing health-care challenges, leading to a high number of deaths worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new developing therapy that boosts patient’s immune system to fight cancer by modifying tumor–immune cells interaction in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) and adenosine (Ado) are signaling molecules released in the TME that act as modulators of both immune and tumor cell responses. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate and Ado activate purinergic type 2 (P2) and type 1 (P1) receptors, respectively, triggering the so-called purinergic signaling. The concentration of eATP and Ado within the TME is tightly controlled by several cell-surface ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, the major ecto-enzymes expressed in cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and vasculature, being CD73 also expressed on tumor-associated fibroblasts. Once accumulated in the TME, eATP boosts antitumor immune response, while Ado attenuates or suppresses immunity against the tumor. In addition, both molecules can mediate growth stimulation or inhibition of the tumor, depending on the specific receptor activated. Therefore, purinergic signaling is able to modulate both tumor and immune cells behavior and, consequently, the tumor–host interaction and disease progression. In this review, we discuss the role of purinergic signaling in the host–tumor interaction detailing the multifaceted effects of eATP and Ado in the inflammatory TME. Moreover, we present recent findings into the application of purinergic-targeting therapy as a potential novel option to boost antitumor immune responses in cancer