Additional file 3: of Estimating average alcohol consumption in the population using multiple sources: the case of Spain

Algorithms and assumptions to estimate actual per capita alcohol consumption from multisource availability, Spain, 2001–2011. Definition, algorithms, and assumptions are included for the following indicators: actual per capita alcohol consumption, alcohol consumption abroad by Spanish visitors, alcohol imported by Spanish visitors abroad, other unrecorded alcohol, alcohol losses after sale, alcohol consumption in Spain by foreign visitors, and alcohol exported from Spain by foreign visitors. (DOCX 21 kb

Additional file 2: of Estimating average alcohol consumption in the population using multiple sources: the case of Spain

Methodological characteristics of main population surveys providing data to calculate self-reported alcohol consumption among population aged ≥15, and calculation algorithms, Spain, 2001–2011. The characteristics considered are: year of the survey, effective sample size, mode of questionnaire administration, questions on frequency of consumption, questions on number of standard drinks, response rate, and percent of missing values for quantity-frequency questions. (DOCX 15 kb

Cumulative incidence of hazardous drinking in 11 European countries participating in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe project (SHARE), 2006–2012.

<p>Cumulative incidence of hazardous drinking in 11 European countries participating in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe project (SHARE), 2006–2012.</p

Distribution of participants according to independent variables at baseline and follow-up.

<p>p-value indicates whether the percentage of individuals in each category of the variables differ when comparing the individuals followed up versus the ones not followed.</p><p>Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe project (SHARE), 2006–2012.</p

Risk ratios of incidence of hazardous drinking using multilevel Poisson regression models with robust variance.

<p>SHARE project, 2006–2012.</p

Percentage of overall school-aged children and those belonging to the low DDS tertile who consume each food group by setting, May 2009, Libo Kemkem and Fogera, Ethiopia.

<p>Percentage of overall school-aged children and those belonging to the low DDS tertile who consume each food group by setting, May 2009, Libo Kemkem and Fogera, Ethiopia.</p

Low Dietary Diversity and Intake of Animal Source Foods among School Aged Children in Libo Kemkem and Fogera Districts, Ethiopia

<div><p>Background</p><p>A low dietary diversity score (DDS) and low consumption of food from animal sources (ASF) are among the factors related to malnutrition in school-aged children living in Libo Kemkem and Fogera (Ethiopia).</p><p>Objectives</p><p>This study aimed to identify associated determinants for low dietary diversity and lack of consumption of ASF.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In 2009, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in May, at the end of the lean season. Socio-demographic characteristics and diet habits were collected from 886 school-aged children. Additionally, 516 children from rural sites were followed up in the post-harvest season, in December of the same year. Bivariate and multivariable statistical methods were employed to assess low DDS and ASF intake and their association with different factors.</p><p>Results</p><p>Up to 80% and 60% of school-aged children living in rural and urban sites, respectively, ate ≤ 3 food groups the day before the survey. The percentage of children consuming ASF was significantly higher in urban settings (64% <i>vs</i> 18%). In the rural areas, if the head of the household was male (OR: 1.91; 95%CI: 1.00-3.65) and older than 40 years (OR: 1.56; 95%CI: 1.02-2.38) the child had a lower DDS in the lean season, while differences by socioeconomic indexes were observed in the post-harvest season. Males took more ASF than females in rural settings (OR: 1.73; 95%CI: 1.14-2.62) and differences by socioeconomic indexes were observed in both settings in the lean season, though not in post-harvest survey.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The findings of this study revealed that the diet among school-aged children in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts lacked diversity, and that the intake of foods from animal sources was low, especially among rural girls. To effectively tackle malnutrition, dietary diversification strategies oriented to the local needs are recommended.</p></div

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of stunting in school-aged children stratified by setting in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts, Ethiopia, May–July 2009.

<p>*day before the survey.</p><p>Multivariable logistic regression analysis of stunting in school-aged children stratified by setting in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts, Ethiopia, May–July 2009.</p

Cross-Sectional Study of Malnutrition and Associated Factors among School Aged Children in Rural and Urban Settings of Fogera and Libo Kemkem Districts, Ethiopia

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Little information is available on malnutrition-related factors among school-aged children ≥5 years in Ethiopia. This study describes the prevalence of stunting and thinness and their related factors in Libo Kemkem and Fogera, Amhara Regional State and assesses differences between urban and rural areas.</p><p>Methods</p><p>In this cross-sectional study, anthropometrics and individual and household characteristics data were collected from 886 children. Height-for-age z-score for stunting and body-mass-index-for-age z-score for thinness were computed. Dietary data were collected through a 24-hour recall. Bivariate and backward stepwise multivariable statistical methods were employed to assess malnutrition-associated factors in rural and urban communities.</p><p>Results</p><p>The prevalence of stunting among school-aged children was 42.7% in rural areas and 29.2% in urban areas, while the corresponding figures for thinness were 21.6% and 20.8%. Age differences were significant in both strata. In the rural setting, fever in the previous 2 weeks (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.23–2.32), consumption of food from animal sources (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29–0.91) and consumption of the family's own cattle products (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27–0.93), among others factors were significantly associated with stunting, while in the urban setting, only age (OR: 4.62; 95% CI: 2.09–10.21) and years of schooling of the person in charge of food preparation were significant (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79–0.97). Thinness was statistically associated with number of children living in the house (OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.03–1.60) and family rice cultivation (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41–0.99) in the rural setting, and with consumption of food from animal sources (OR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.10–0.67) and literacy of head of household (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.09–0.65) in the urban setting.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The prevalence of stunting was significantly higher in rural areas, whereas no significant differences were observed for thinness. Various factors were associated with one or both types of malnutrition, and varied by type of setting. To effectively tackle malnutrition, nutritional programs should be oriented to local needs.</p></div

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of thinness in school-aged children, stratified by setting in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts, Ethiopia, May–July 2009.

<p>Multivariable logistic regression analysis of thinness in school-aged children, stratified by setting in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts, Ethiopia, May–July 2009.</p