Porous titanium for biomedical applications : an experimental study on rabbits

Objective: The aim of this study was to carry out an in vivo assessment of bone ingrowth in two different types of porous titanium -the first being completely porous, and the second with a porous surface and dense nucleus, manufactured by powder metallurgy- and to evaluate their mechanical properties. Study design: Ten scaffolds from each group were submitted to metallographic analysis and compression tests. Next, two scaffolds of each type were inserted into 14 rabbits, which were sacrificed 8 weeks after surgery. The samples were submitted for histological examination. Results: Metallographic analysis revealed interconnected pores, and the average interconnected pore diameter was about 360 mm, with 36% total porosity. The totally porous titanium samples and the titanium samples with porous surface and dense nucleus showed an average compressive strength of 16.19 MPa and 69.27 MPa, respectively. After 8 weeks, the animals showed bone ingrowth, even into the most internal pores. Conclusions: The pore morphology was effective in permitting bone ingrowth in both groups. Titanium scaffolds with a porous surface and dense nucleus showed the best mechanical properties and most adequate interface

Análise histomorfométrica de implantes de titânio puro com superfície porosa versus superfície rugosa

The purpose of this study was to analyze the bone repair around commercially pure titanium implants with rough and porous surface, fabricated using powder metallurgy technique, after their insertion in tibiae of rabbits. Seven male rabbits were used. Each animal received 3 porous-surface implants in the left tibia and 3 rough-surface implants in the right tibia. The rabbits were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery and fragments of the tibiae containing the implants were submitted to histological and histomorphometric analyses to evaluate new bone formation at the implant-bone interface. Means (%) of bone neoformation obtained in the histomorphometric analysis were compared by Student's t-test for paired samples at 5% significance level.. The results of the histological analysis showed that osseointegration occurred for both types of implants with similar quality of bone tissue. The histomorphometric analysis revealed means of new bone formation at implant-bone interface of 79.69 ± 1.00% and 65.05 ± 1.23% for the porous- and rough-surface implants, respectively. Statistically significant difference was observed between the two types of implants with respect to the amount new bone formation (pO propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a reparação óssea ao redor de implantes de superfície porosa comparados com implantes de superfície rugosa, ambos confeccionados de titânio puro grau 2 por meio da técnica de metalurgia do pó. Os implantes foram inseridos em tíbias de coelhos. Foram utilizados neste estudo 7 coelhos machos, sendo que cada um recebeu 3 implantes de superfície porosa na tíbia esquerda e 3 implantes de superfície rugosa na tíbia direita. Os animais foram sacrificados 4 semanas após a cirurgia e os fragmentos das tíbias contendo os implantes foram submetidos à análise histológica e histomorfométrica, visando analisar a neoformação óssea na interface osso-implante. As médias (%) obtidas na análise histomorfométrica foram avaliadas por meio do teste estatístico t-student de amostras pareadas com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados da análise histológica mostraram que a osseointegração foi obtida nos dois tipos de implantes com similar qualidade de tecido ósseo. Na análise histomorfométrica, verificaram-se médias de neoformação óssea na interface osso-implante de 79,69% ± 1,00 e 65,05 ± 1,23 para os implantes de superfície porosa e rugosa, respectivamente, e foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois tipos de implantes com relação à quantidade de neoformação óssea. Concluiu-se que os implantes de superfície porosa contribuíram para a osseointegração devido à sua maior superfície de contato na interface osso-implante

Machined and plastic copings in three-element prostheses with different types of implantabutment joints: a strain gauge comparative analysis

OBJECTIVE: Using strain gauge (SG) analysis, the aim of this in vitro study was quantify the strain development during the fixation of three-unit screw implant-supported fixed partial dentures, varying the types of implant-abutment joints and the type of prosthetic coping. The hypotheses were that the type of hexagonal connection would generate different microstrains and the type of copings would produce similar microstrains after prosthetic screws had been tightened onto microunit abutments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three dental implants with external (EH) and internal (IH) hexagonal configurations were inserted into two polyurethane blocks. Microunit abutments were screwed onto their respective implant groups, applying a torque of 20 Ncm. Machined Co-Cr copings (M) and plastic prosthetic copings (P) were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard wax patterns. The wax patterns were cast in Co-Cr alloy (n=5), forming four groups: G1) EH/M; G2) EH/P; G3) IH/M and G4) IH/P. Four SGs were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants, SG 1 mesially to implant 1, SG 2 and SG 3 mesially and distally to implant 2, respectively, and SG 4 distally to implant 3. The superstructure's occlusal screws were tightened onto microunit abutments with 10 Ncm torque using a manual torque driver. The magnitude of microstrain on each SG was recorded in units of microstrain (µε). The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (

Avaliação in vitro da influência de cargas axiais em próteses parciais fixas implanto-suportadas, por meio da extensometria

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro, por meio da extensometria, a influência da aplicação de cargas axiais em próteses parciais fixas de 3 elementos, suportadas por implantes de conexão hexágono interno (HI), variando o tipo de cilindro e o ponto de aplicação de carga. Inicialmente foram inseridos, em disposição linear, três implantes de HI em um bloco de poliuretano. Em seguida, pilares protéticos microunit foram conectados aos implantes com torque de 20Ncm, e sobre estes foram parafusados cilindros usinados de Co-Cr e cilindros plásticos, as quais receberam enceramentos padronizados que foram posteriormente fundidos em liga de Co-Cr (n=5). Quatro extensômetros (SG) foram colados na superfície do bloco, tangenciando os implantes visando mensurar a microdeformação peri-implantar no momento da aplicação das cargas. Cada estrutura metálica foi parafusada sobre os pilares protéticos com torque de 10Ncm e a seguir foi realizada a aplicação de carga axial de 30kg em 5 pontos pré-determinados. Os dados obtidos na extensometria foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos ANOVA e Tukey (α=5%). Os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante para o ponto de aplicação de carga (p=0,0001), sendo que o ponto B gerou a menor microdeformação (239,49με) e o ponto D a maior microdeformação (442,77με). Com relação ao tipo de cilindro, não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,748). Concluiu-se que o tipo de cilindro não interferiu na magnitude da microdeformação peri-implantar durante a aplicação de cargas axiais e que a localização da aplicação de carga axial influenciou a magnitude desta microdeformação.The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro, by means of strain gauge analysis, the influence of aplication of axial loading in three-units fixed partial prostheses, supported by implants with internal hexagon connection (IH), varying the type of cylinders, and the point of load application. Three fixtures IH were inserted in linear arrangement, into a polyurethane block. Microunit abutments were connected to implants with torque of 20Ncm. The framework were fabricated as a one piece casting using plastic burn out components and Co-Cr prefabricated cylinders components (n=5). Four strain gauge were bonded around the microunit abutments on block surface to measure the peri-implant microstrain at the time of application of loads. Each framework was tight on the abutments with torque of 10Ncm and then was made the application of axial load of 30kg in 5 points pre-determined. The data obtained in the strain gauge analysis were submitted to the statistical tests ANOVA and Tukey (α=5%). The results showed a statistically significant difference to the point of application of load (p = 0.0001), whereas the point B has generated the lowest microstrain (239.49 με) and the point D has provided the highest microstrain (442.77 με). Regarding the type of cylinder, statistically significant difference was not observed (p = 0.748). It was concluded that the type of cylinder did not interfere on the magnitude of peri implant microstrain during the application of axial loads and that the location of the application of axial load influenced the magnitude of this microstrain.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Estudo in vitro das micro deformações ao redor de implantes suportes de próteses parciais fixas submetidos à cargas axiais e não axiais

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar in vitro, por meio da extensometria, a influência da aplicação de cargas axiais e não-axiais em próteses parciais fixas de 3 elementos implanto-suportadas, variando o posicionamento dos implantes e os pontos de aplicação de carga. Dois blocos de poliuretano receberam três implantes com conexão hexágono interno, no posicionamento linear e compensado. Em seguida, pilares protéticos microunit foram conectados aos implantes com torque de 20 Ncm. Coifas plásticas foram parafusadas sobre os pilares, que receberam enceramentos padronizados, os quais foram fundidos em liga de Co-Cr (n=10). Quatro extensômetros (SG) foram colados na superfície do bloco, SG 01 mesialmente ao implante 1, SG 02 e SG03 mesialmente e distalmente ao implante 2, respectivamente, e SG 04 distalmente ao implante 3, tangenciando os implantes visando mensurar a micro deformação peri-implantar no momento da aplicação das cargas. Cada estrutura metálica foi parafusada sobre os pilares protéticos com torque de 10 Ncm e a seguir foi realizada a aplicação de carga axial de 30 kgf em 5 pontos pré-determinados. Os dados obtidos na extensometria foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos RM ANOVA e Tukey (α=5%). Os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante para o ponto de aplicação de carga (p=0,0001), sendo que o ponto de aplicação de carga E (não-axial) gerou a maior micro deformação (327,67με) e o ponto de aplicação de carga A (axial) a menor micro deformação (208,93με). Com relação ao posicionamento dos implantes não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,856). Concluiu-se que o posicionamento compensado dos implantes não reduziu a magnitude de micro deformação peri-implantar durante a aplicação de cargas axiais e não-axiais e que a localização da aplicação de carga influenciou a magnitude desta micro deformaçãoThe present study used strain gauge analysis to perform an in vitro evaluation of the effect of axial and non-axial loading of implant-supported fixed partial prostheses, varying implant placement configurations and the loading points. Material and methods: Three internal hexagon implants were embedded in the center of each polyurethane block in straight and off-set placement. Microunit abutments were connected to the implants applying a torque of 20 Ncm, and plastic prosthetic cylinders were screwed onto the abutments, which received standard patterns cast in Co-Cr alloy (n=10). Four strain gauges (SG) were bonded onto the surface of the block tangentially to the implants, SG 01 mesially to implant 1, SG 02 and SG 03 mesially and distally to implant 2, respectively, and SG 04 distally to implant 3. Each metallic structure was screwed onto the abutments with a 10 Ncm torque and axial and non-axial load of 30 kgf was applied at five predetermined points. The data obtained from the strain gauge analyses were analyzed statistically by RM ANOVA and Tukey’s test, with a conventional level of significance of p<0.05. The results showed a statistically significant difference for the loading point (p=0.0001), with point E (non-axial) generating the highest microdeformation (327.67 με) and point A (axial) the smallest (208.93 με). No statistically significant difference was found for implant placement configuration (p=0.856). It was concluded that offset implant placement did not reduce the magnitude of microstrain around implants under axial and non axial loading conditions and loading location influenced this magnitudeCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES