3,960 research outputs found
Far-infrared imaging of tokamak plasma
A 20-channel interferometer has been developed which utilizes a linear, one-dimensional microbolometer array to obtain single-shot density profiles from the UCLA Microtor tokamak plasma. The interferometer has been used to study time-dependent phenomena in the plasma density profile. Observations of the sawtooth instability clearly show the growth of the m=0 mode from a localized oscillation (r=1 cm) on axis to an oscillation of the entire plasma. Also, measurements during the initial startup phase of the discharge show evidence of hollow density profiles. In addition, a simultaneous measurement of the poloidal magnetic field has been developed which provides 20 channels of polarimetry. Interferometry and polarimetry both use the same imaging system and the spatial resolution of both measurements has been tested using plastic and crystal-quartz test objects. The signal-to-noise ratio for the polarimeter has also proved adequate for the expected Faraday rotation angle (alphamax=7°, Ip=70 kA, n=5Ă10^13 cm^â3)
Highly efficient frequency triplers in the millimeter wave region incorporating a back-to-back configuration of two varactor diodes
This paper reports on the recent development of monolithic frequency tripler array employing a back-to-back configuration of varactor diodes. Even harmonic idler
circuits are unnecessary in this design. Furthermore, no external dc bias is required. The arrangement results in highly efficient, easily-fabricated and inexpensive frequency triplers
Diaphragmatic hernia following oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer â Are we too radical?
Background:
Diaphragmatic herniation (DH) of abdominal contents into the thorax after oesophageal resection is a recognised and serious complication of surgery. While differences in pressure between the abdominal and thoracic cavities are important, the size of the hiatal defect is something that can be influenced surgically. As with all oncological surgery, safe resection margins are essential without adversely affecting necessary anatomical structure and function. However very little has been published looking at the extent of the hiatal resection. We aim to present a case series of patients who developed DH herniation post operatively in order to raise discussion about the ideal extent of surgical resection required.
Methods:
We present a series of cases of two male and one female who had oesophagectomies for moderately and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the lower oesophagus who developed post-operative DH. We then conducted a detailed literature review using Medline, Pubmed and Google Scholar to identify existing guidance to avoid this complication with particular emphasis on the extent of hiatal resection.
Discussion:
Extended incision and partial resection of the diaphragm are associated with an increased risk of postoperative DH formation. However, these more extensive excisions can ensure clear surgical margins. Post-operative herniation can be an early or late complication of surgery and despite the clear importance of hiatal resection only one paper has been published on this subject which recommends a more limited resection than was carried out in our cases.
Conclusion:
This case series investigated the recommended extent of hiatal dissection in oesophageal surgery. Currently there is no clear guidance available on this subject and further studies are needed to ascertain the optimum resection margin that results in the best balance of oncological parameters vs. post operative morbidity
Groups, organizations, families and movements: The sociology of social systems between interaction and society
KĂŒhl S. Groups, organizations, families and movements: The sociology of social systems between interaction and society. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. 2020;37(3):496-515.In enhancing a proposal by Luhmann, this contribution shows that it is possible to locate different types of systems between âfaceâtoâfaceâinteractionâ and âsocietyâ: groups, organizations, families and protest movements. The common ground of these is that they use membership to attribute persons to the system or not. However, they differ fundamentally in regard to how they understand membership. In contrast to Luhmann's differentiation between interaction, organization and society, it is not only possible to imagine different types of interlocking systems but also coequal combinations of and transitions between the different types of social systems
Magnetic Fluctuations and Turbulence in the Venus Magnetosheath and Wake
Recent research has shown that distinct physical regions in the Venusian
induced magnetosphere are recognizable from the variations of strength and of
wave/fluctuation activity of the magnetic field. In this paper the statistical
properties of magnetic fluctuations are investigated in the Venusian
magnetosheath, terminator, and wake regions. The latter two regions were not
visited by previous missions. We found 1/f fluctuations in the magnetosheath,
large-scale structures near the terminator and more developed turbulence
further downstream in the wake. Location independent short-tailed non-Gaussian
statistics was observed.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figure
A Comprehensive View of the 2006 December 13 CME: From the Sun to Interplanetary Space
The biggest halo coronal mass ejection (CME) since the Halloween storm in
2003, which occurred on 2006 December 13, is studied in terms of its solar
source and heliospheric consequences. The CME is accompanied by an X3.4 flare,
EUV dimmings and coronal waves. It generated significant space weather effects
such as an interplanetary shock, radio bursts, major solar energetic particle
(SEP) events, and a magnetic cloud (MC) detected by a fleet of spacecraft
including STEREO, ACE, Wind and Ulysses. Reconstruction of the MC with the
Grad-Shafranov (GS) method yields an axis orientation oblique to the flare
ribbons. Observations of the SEP intensities and anisotropies show that the
particles can be trapped, deflected and reaccelerated by the large-scale
transient structures. The CME-driven shock is observed at both the Earth and
Ulysses when they are separated by 74 in latitude and 117
in longitude, the largest shock extent ever detected. The ejecta seems missed
at Ulysses. The shock arrival time at Ulysses is well predicted by an MHD model
which can propagate the 1 AU data outward. The CME/shock is tracked remarkably
well from the Sun all the way to Ulysses by coronagraph images, type II
frequency drift, in situ measurements and the MHD model. These results reveal a
technique which combines MHD propagation of the solar wind and type II
emissions to predict the shock arrival time at the Earth, a significant advance
for space weather forecasting especially when in situ data are available from
the Solar Orbiter and Sentinels.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figures. 2008, ApJ, in pres
Intermittent turbulence, noisy fluctuations and wavy structures in the Venusian magnetosheath and wake
Recent research has shown that distinct physical regions in the Venusian
induced magnetosphere are recognizable from the variations of strength of the
magnetic field and its wave/fluctuation activity. In this paper the statistical
properties of magnetic fluctuations are investigated in the Venusian
magnetosheath and wake regions. The main goal is to identify the characteristic
scaling features of fluctuations along Venus Express (VEX) trajectory and to
understand the specific circumstances of the occurrence of different types of
scalings. For the latter task we also use the results of measurements from the
previous missions to Venus. Our main result is that the changing character of
physical interactions between the solar wind and the planetary obstacle is
leading to different types of spectral scaling in the near-Venusian space.
Noisy fluctuations are observed in the magnetosheath, wavy structures near the
terminator and in the nightside near-planet wake. Multi-scale turbulence is
observed at the magnetosheath boundary layer and near the quasi-parallel bow
shock. Magnetosheath boundary layer turbulence is associated with an average
magnetic field which is nearly aligned with the Sun-Venus line. Noisy magnetic
fluctuations are well described with the Gaussian statistics. Both
magnetosheath boundary layer and near shock turbulence statistics exhibit
non-Gaussian features and intermittency over small spatio-temporal scales. The
occurrence of turbulence near magnetosheath boundaries can be responsible for
the local heating of plasma observed by previous missions
Information presentation: considering on-line user confidence for effective engagement
In order to design on-line services that are able to support the end-user in making informed choices about when and how to disclose personal information, a close understanding of the relationship between privacy and confidence is therefore needed. UK citizens accessing on-line services have privacy concerns about sharing personal information with government organizations. The physical distance between service user and service provider (increased by on-line service delivery) can reduce confidence in the management of personal information. A close understanding of the relationship between user confidence and information presentation can suggest new design principles to support them in making informed choices about when and how to disclose personal information. This paper presents the result of three user studies to understand user confidence with relation to graphical information presentation, which led to three distinct types of confidence: Institutional; Technological; and Relationship. The final study represents the impact of using graphical information presentation on usersâ privacy concern and their confidence in using on-line services. The result indicated service usersâ privacy concerns decrease when their privacy awareness increase
Imaging Polarimeter Arrays for Near-Millimeter Waves
An integrated-circuit antenna array has been developed that images both polarization and intensity. The array consists of a row of antennas that lean alternately left and right, creating two interlaced sub-arrays that respond to different polarizations. The arrays and the bismuth bolometer detectors are made by a photoresist shadowing technique that requires only one photolithographic mask. The array has measured polarization at a wavelength of 800 ”m with an absolute accuracy of 0.8° and a relative precision of 7 arc min. and has demonstrated nearly diffraction-Iimited resolutiort of a 20° step in polarization
The Non-linear Dynamics of Meaning-Processing in Social Systems
Social order cannot be considered as a stable phenomenon because it contains
an order of reproduced expectations. When the expectations operate upon one
another, they generate a non-linear dynamics that processes meaning. Specific
meaning can be stabilized, for example, in social institutions, but all meaning
arises from a horizon of possible meanings. Using Luhmann's (1984) social
systems theory and Rosen's (1985) theory of anticipatory systems, I submit
equations for modeling the processing of meaning in inter-human communication.
First, a self-referential system can use a model of itself for the
anticipation. Under the condition of functional differentiation, the social
system can be expected to entertain a set of models; each model can also
contain a model of the other models. Two anticipatory mechanisms are then
possible: one transversal between the models, and a longitudinal one providing
the modeled systems with meaning from the perspective of hindsight. A system
containing two anticipatory mechanisms can become hyper-incursive. Without
making decisions, however, a hyper-incursive system would be overloaded with
uncertainty. Under this pressure, informed decisions tend to replace the
"natural preferences" of agents and an order of cultural expectations can
increasingly be shaped
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