1,113 research outputs found
Language concepts and design patterns
Programming languages aim at the construction of simple but
expressive programs. To achieve this, plenty of language
concepts have arisen over time. Design patterns aim at the
solution of common design problems. To achieve this, plenty
of approved design concepts have been collected.
We claim that language concepts and design patterns are
essentially the same. Indeed, a language may offer a design
pattern as a language concept; we call such patterns "language
patterns".
A design pattern can be implemented in terms of other design or
language patterns. Since a concrete programming language only
supports a subset of language patterns, every other pattern must
be expressed in terms of this subset. We call such
an implementation a "workaround". The specification of a
workaround imposes proof obligations: it must be shown that a
workaround simulates the pattern. Once proved correct, we can
collect patterns and their workarounds in a trustworthy
catalogue. This helps software developers to correctly apply
patterns in any language and helps the language designer to
decide which patterns to put into the language core.
We demonstrate this pattern integration process with
well-known design patterns and concepts of object-oriented
languages. Additionally, we list important language patterns
together with their workarounds
Using weather data in energy time series forecasting: the benefit of input data transformations
Renewable energy systems depend on the weather, and weather information, thus, plays a crucial role in forecasting time series within such renewable energy systems. However, while weather data are commonly used to improve forecast accuracy, it still has to be determined in which input shape this weather data benefits the forecasting models the most. In the present paper, we investigate how transformations for weather data inputs, i. e., station-based and grid-based weather data, influence the accuracy of energy time series forecasts. The selected weather data transformations are based on statistical features, dimensionality reduction, clustering, autoencoders, and interpolation. We evaluate the performance of these weather data transformations when forecasting three energy time series: electrical demand, solar power, and wind power. Additionally, we compare the best-performing weather data transformations for station-based and grid-based weather data. We show that transforming station-based or grid-based weather data improves the forecast accuracy compared to using the raw weather data between 3.7 and 5.2%, depending on the target energy time series, where statistical and dimensionality reduction data transformations are among the best
Quantum measurement problem and cluster separability
A modified Beltrametti-Cassinelli-Lahti model of measurement apparatus that
satisfies both the probability reproducibility condition and the
objectification requirement is constructed. Only measurements on microsystems
are considered. The cluster separability forms a basis for the first working
hypothesis: the current version of quantum mechanics leaves open what happens
to systems when they change their separation status. New rules that close this
gap can therefore be added without disturbing the logic of quantum mechanics.
The second working hypothesis is that registration apparatuses for microsystems
must contain detectors and that their readings are signals from detectors. This
implies that separation status of a microsystem changes during both preparation
and registration. A new rule that specifies what happens at these changes and
that guarantees the objectification is formulated and discussed. A part of our
result has certain similarity with 'collapse of the wave function'.Comment: 31 pages, no figure. Published versio
Quantum Mechanics of Successive Measurements with Arbitrary Meter Coupling
We study successive measurements of two observables using von Neumann's
measurement model. The two-pointer correlation for arbitrary coupling strength
allows retrieving the initial system state. We recover Luders rule, the Wigner
formula and the Kirkwood-Dirac distribution in the appropriate limits of the
coupling strength
Menschen in extremer Armut: im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fĂĽr Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung
"Im Rahmen einer qualitativ explorativen Studie werden extreme Formen der Armut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland untersucht. Dazu wird anhand biographischer Interviews mit Menschen in prekären Versorgungslagen eine operationale Definition 'extrem Armer' entwickelt, die es erlaubt, extrem Arme zu identifizieren und umfassend zu erforschen. In dieser Untersuchung gilt als extrem arm ein in Deutschland lebender Mensch, der den minimalen Lebensstandard eines in Deutschland Lebenden deutlich unterschreitet und diese Lebenslage nicht aus eigener Kraft verlassen kann. Die Studie arbeitet danach mit einer Armutskonzeption, in der sowohl die 'Lebenslage' als auch die 'Ressourcen' des Einzelnen maßgebend sind. Der Begriff der Ressource wird dabei weit gefasst - viel weiter als im Ressourcenansatz der etablierten Armutsforschung: Er beinhaltet Vermögenswerte, Qualifikationen und Erfahrungen, den Zugang zu Leistungen sozialer Netzwerke, die Möglichkeit des Zugriffs auf Leistungen des sozialen Hilfesystems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland - um die wichtigsten Teilgrößen zu nennen. Der Eintritt in extreme Armut wird - da das Hilfesystem der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Anspruchsberechtigten in Notlagen Hilfen bereitstellt, mit denen sie den minimalen Lebensstandard nicht oder allenfalls kurzzeitig unterschreiten müssen - in engem Zusammenhang mit dem Hilfesystem gesehen: Wird eine Person extrem arm, so hat dies damit zu tun, dass es in einer Notsituation bzw. bei drohendem Eintritt einer solchen Notsituation zwischen ihr und dem sozialen Hilfesystem nicht zu einer fruchtbaren Kooperation kommt, aufgrund derer mit Unterstützung des Hilfesystems der Schritt in extreme Armut verhindert würde. Die Studie präsentiert als zentrale Ergebnisse zwei Typologien, die dieser Überlegung Rechnung tragen: 'Der Schritt in die extreme Armut und das soziale Hilfesystem' (fünf Typen) und 'Extrem Arme und ihre Perspektive' (vier Typen). Im Anschluss an diese explorative Studie wird im Rahmen einer quantitativen Machbarkeitsstudie geprüft, auf welche Weise mit dem Instrument einer standardisierten Befragung die Gesamtzahl der extrem Armen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ermittelt werden kann. Es werden ein Screeninginstrument, ein Stichprobendesign sowie ein statistisches Verfahren vorgestellt, die es zusammen erlauben, die Zahl der bundesweit extrem Armen zu schätzen. Eine entsprechende Untersuchung ist sowohl erhebungstechnisch durchführbar als auch mit vertretbarem finanziellen Aufwand realisierbar." (Autorenreferat
Joint effects of storm surge and sea-level rise on US Coasts: new economic estimates of impacts, adaptation, and benefits of mitigation policy
Recent literature, the US Global Change Research Program’s National Climate Assessment, and recent events, such as Hurricane Sandy, highlight the need to take better account of both storm surge and sea-level rise (SLR) in assessing coastal risks of climate change. This study combines three models—a tropical cyclone simulation model; a storm surge model; and a model for economic impact and adaptation—to estimate the joint effects of storm surge and SLR for the US coast through 2100. The model is tested using multiple SLR scenarios, including those incorporating estimates of dynamic ice-sheet melting, two global greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policy scenarios, and multiple general circulation model climate sensitivities. The results illustrate that a large area of coastal land and property is at risk of damage from storm surge today; that land area and economic value at risk expands over time as seas rise and as storms become more intense; that adaptation is a cost-effective response to this risk, but residual impacts remain after adaptation measures are in place; that incorporating site-specific episodic storm surge increases national damage estimates by a factor of two relative to SLR-only estimates, with greater impact on the East and Gulf coasts; and that mitigation of GHGs contributes to significant lessening of damages. For a mid-range climate-sensitivity scenario that incorporates dynamic ice sheet melting, the approach yields national estimates of the impacts of storm surge and SLR of ); GHG mitigation policy reduces the impacts of the mid-range climate-sensitivity estimates by 100 billion.United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Division (Contract EP-D-09-054)United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Division (Contract EP-BPA-12-H-0024
Positive-Operator-Valued Time Observable in Quantum Mechanics
We examine the longstanding problem of introducing a time observable in
Quantum Mechanics; using the formalism of positive-operator-valued measures we
show how to define such an observable in a natural way and we discuss some
consequences.Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, no figures. Some minor changes, expanded the
bibliography (now it is bigger than the one in the published version),
changed the title and the style for publication on the International Journal
of Theoretical Physic
Bell's inequality without alternative settings
A suitable generalized measurement described by a 4-element positive
operator-valued measure (POVM) on each particle of a two-qubit system in the
singlet state is, from the point of view of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen's
(EPR's) criterion of elements of reality, equivalent to a random selection
between two alternative projective measurements. It is shown that an
EPR-experiment with a fixed POVM on each particle provides a violation of
Bell's inequality without requiring local observers to choose between the
alternatives. This approach could be useful for designing a loophole-free test
of Bell's inequality.Comment: LaTeX, 13 pages, 3 figure
Beyond Zeno: Approaching Infinite Temperature upon Repeated Measurements
The influence of repeated projective measurements on the dynamics of the
state of a quantum system is studied in dependence of the time lag
between successive measurements. In the limit of infinitely many measurements
of the occupancy of a single state the total system approaches a uniform state.
The asymptotic approach to this state is exponential in the case of finite
Hilbert space dimension. The rate characterizing this approach undergoes a
sharp transition from a monotonically increasing to an erratically varying
function of the time between subsequent measurements
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