99 research outputs found
Implementation von E-Learning in einem Pharmaunternehmen
The initial euphoria for e-learning, meanwhile has been replaced by a certain disillusion. Companies with first experiences in e-learning, report considerable problems of acceptance, on the part of the employee. Therefore, the implementation of e-learning to a pharmaceutical corporation, which is described in this article, focuses on the employee. For this project an objective-based implementation-process with several successive stages has been designed according to the companies needs. The core steps include a demand analysis, concept and implementation of measures to improve acceptance as well as a continuous evaluation process to ensure quality.Es ist der anfĂ€nglichen Euphorie gegenĂŒber E-Learning inzwischen eine gewisse ErnĂŒchterung gefolgt. Unternehmen, die erste Erfahrungen mit E-Learning sammeln konnten, berichten unter anderem von erheblichen Akzeptanzproblemen von Seiten der Mitarbeiter. FĂŒr die hier beschriebene Implementation von E-Learning in einem Pharmaunternehmen wurde deshalb der Mitarbeiter in den Mittelpunkt gestellt. Zudem wurde unter der PrĂ€misse "technique follows didactics" ein dezidierter, auf das Unternehmen abgestimmter Implementationsprozess definiert, dessen einzelne Phasen sukzessive aufeinander aufbauten. Die Bedarfsanalyse zur Ermittlung der MitarbeiterbedĂŒrfnisse, ein Akzeptanz-Konzept und die Evaluation erfĂŒllen hierbei in Hinblick auf eine Optimierung der QualitĂ€t und Förderung der Akzeptanz eine wichtige Aufgabe
Evaluation of the interactive multimedia business simulation SPACE (Simulating Project Auditing and Controlling Excellence)
This report presents the evaluation of the computer-based simulation SPACE â Simulating Project Auditing & Controlling Excellence â which is an interactive multiedia business simulation developed in partnership by Andersen Consulting and Siemens AG. The aims of SPACE are fostering self-directed learning and the acquisition of applicable knowledge in the economic domain regarding construction and solution projects of US GAAP. The evaluation was conducted in cooperation with the Institute of Educational Psychology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich. The aim of the evaluation was to compare the effectiveness of SPACE with a traditional classroom instruction. Therefore, a problem-based transfer task was designed which assessed learning gains with respect to applicable knowledge in the following areas: (1) strategic knowledge and problem-solving skills, that means selection of appropriate information and strategies to solve a realistic business problem, (2) basic skills to calculate POC and (3) conceptual knowledge, i.e. an understanding of principles and interconnections of concepts in the domain. 38 students of business administration participated in the evaluation. 19 students learned eight hours with SPACE, the other 19 students received a traditional classroom instruction lasting also eight hours in the same subject area of US GAAP. Results show that SPACE was significantly better with regard to strategic knowledge and applying problem solving skills. In other words, the study showed that SPACE is superior to classroom instruction in this area of knowledge acquisition and application. In the other areas of basic skills to calculate POC and conceptional knowledge, differences were not significant between the classroom instruction and SPACE. When SPACE is employed under realistic conditions, i.e. in business, it can be assumed that SPACE is even more superior to classroom instruction.Das computerbasierte Lernprogramm SPACE (Simulating Project Auditing & Controlling Excellence), eine interaktive, multimediale Simulationssoftware, wurde von Anderson Consulting und der Siemens AG entwickelt. SPACE zielt auf die Förderung selbstgesteuerten Lernens und die Vermittlung anwendbaren Wissens. Das Simulationsprogramm behandelt inhaltlich die Kalkulation von Projektdaten auf Basis von US GAAP. Die hier berichtete Evaluationsstudie hatte zum Ziel, die EffektivitĂ€t von SPACE im Vergleich zu einem traditionellen Klassenzimmerunterricht festzustellen. Mit einer problemorientierten Transferaufgabe wurden folgende Dimensionen erfasst: (1) Strategisches Wissen und Problemlösefertigkeiten (hierbei ging es um die Selektion relevanter Informationen und Strategien in Bezug auf eine realistische Problemstellung), (2) Basisfertigkeiten zur Berechnung von POC und (3) konzeptionelles Wissen im Sinne eines VerstĂ€ndnisses von Prinzipien und ZusammenhĂ€ngen innerhalb des behandelten Inhaltsgebietes. An der Studie nahmen 38 Studenten der Betriebswirtschaftslehre teil. 19 Studenten lernten in einem Zeitraum von acht Stunden mit SPACE, die anderen 19 Teilnehmer nahmen an einem achtstĂŒndigen Klassenzimmerunterricht zum selben Inhaltsbereich teil. Hinsichtlich der Dimension "Strategiewissen und Problemlösefertigkeiten" schnitten diejenigen Studenten signifikant besser ab, die mit SPACE lernten. Das Simulationsprogramm zeigte sich somit in Bezug auf diese Dimension der Wissensanwendung dem traditionellen Klassenzimmerunterricht ĂŒberlegen. In den Dimensionen "Berechnung von POC" und "Konzeptionelles Wissen" ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Untersuchungsgruppen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass SPACE dem traditionellem Unterricht deutlicher ĂŒberlegen ist, wenn das Lernprogramm unter realistischeren Bedingungen, d.h. in Betrieben, eingesetzt wird
Beispielbasiertes Lernen im Bereich BuchfĂŒhrung: Einfluss instruktionaler ErklĂ€rungen und multipler Perspektiven auf Lernverhalten und Lernerfolg
In an experimental study in the domain of bookkeeping it was investigated to what extent the problem of knowledge acquisition can be overcome by variations of an example-based instructional approach which differed with respect to some instruc-tional means. In order to investigate the influence these means have on learning outcomes and learning behaviour, the factors "provision of instructional explana-tions" (with vs. without explanations) and "variability of perspectives during lear-ning" (uniform vs. multiple perspectives) were varied experimentally in a 2?2-factorial design. Sixty students of a vocational school were randomly assigned to the resulting four learning conditions. By inducing multiple perspectives, acqui-sition of applicable knowledge could be fostered; against our expectations, instruc-tional explanations had no effect on the learning outcomes. Neither instructional expla-nations nor multiple perspectives had a measurable influence on the lear-ning behaviour. Further evidence concerning the mechanisms underlying the in-struc-tional means implemented in this study could be provided by an analysis of various qualitative data.In einer Studie in der DomĂ€ne BuchfĂŒhrung wurde experimentell untersucht, inwieweit dem Problem der Wissensanwendung durch Varianten eines beispiel-basierten Instruktionsansatzes begegnet werden kann, die sich durch einzelne instruktionale MaĂnahmen unterschieden. Um den Einfluss dieser MaĂnahmen auf den Lernerfolg und das Lernverhalten zu untersuchen, wurden die Faktoren "Bereitstellen instruktionaler ErklĂ€rungen" (mit vs. ohne ErklĂ€rungen) und "VariabilitĂ€t der beim Lernen einzunehmenden Perspektiven" (uniforme vs. multiple Perspektiven) in einem 2x2-faktoriellen Design experimentell variiert. 60 BerufsschĂŒlerinnen und BerufsschĂŒler wurden zufĂ€llig den resultierenden vier Lernbedingungen zugewiesen. Durch Induktion multipler Perspektiven konnte der Erwerb anwendbaren Wissens gefördert werden, instruktionale ErklĂ€rungen hatten wider Erwarten keinen Einfluss auf den Lernerfolg. Ein Einfluss auf das Lernverhalten konnte weder fĂŒr instruktionale ErklĂ€rungen noch fĂŒr multiple Perspektiven nachgewiesen werden. Weitere Hinweise auf die Wirkmechanismen der in dieser Studie implementierten instruktionalen MaĂnahmen konnten durch eine Analyse verschiedener qualitativer Daten gewonnen werden
Konstruktion, Implementation und Evaluation beispielbasierten Lernens und Lehrens zur Förderung des Erwerbs anwendbaren Wissens im kaufmÀnnischen Berufsschulunterricht
Starting from problems of knowledge acquisition and transfer in subdomains of economics various experimental studies were carried out in which the effectiveness of an example-based instructional approach was investigated. On the basis of these studies, instructional consequences were drawn. In the context of a field study in which example-based learning and teaching was implemented at vocational schools, these consequences were applied and evaluated. Compared to a control group which was taught in a traditional way, the experimental group with example-based instruction acquired more applicable knowledge. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant and of practical relevance. With respect to motivation, the experimental group also showed positive results. Further consequences for the implementation of example-based learning and teaching in practice are drawn.Ausgehend von Problemen der Wissensanwendung und des Transfers in Teilgebieten der Ăkonomie wurden mehrere experimentelle Studien durchgefĂŒhrt, in denen die EffektivitĂ€t eines beispielbasierten Instruktionsansatzes untersucht wurde. Auf der Basis dieser Studien wurden instruktionale Konsequenzen gezogen und im Rahmen einer Feldstudie zum beispielbasierten Lernen und Lehren an kaufmĂ€nnischen Berufsschulen umgesetzt und evaluiert. Im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe, die traditionell unterrichtet wurde, erwarb die beispielbasiert instruierte Experimentalgruppe signifikant und substanziell mehr anwendbares Wissen. Auch in motivationaler Hinsicht zeigten sich bei der Experimentalgruppe positive Resultate. Es werden weitere Konsequenzen fĂŒr die Implementation beispielbasierten Lernens und Lehrens in der Praxis gezogen
Does knowledge help with the identification and control of a complex economics system?
Um Ansatzpunkte fĂŒr instruktionale FörderungsmaĂnahmen abzuleiten, wurde versucht, Probleme der Wissensanwendung bei einer komplexen ökonomischen Problemstellung zu identifizieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die Steuerung und Identifikation eines komplexen ökonomischen Systems durch Semiexperten (Mandl, Gruber & Renkl, 1992) und Novizen analysiert. Es wurden 18 Semiexperten (Graduierte Studenten der Wirtschaftswissenschaften) und 17 Novizen (Studenten der Psychologie und PĂ€dagogik) untersucht. Sie explorierten und steuerten ein ökonomisches Planspiel, bei dem eine Fabrik zu leiten und deren Gewinn zu maximieren war. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Semiexperten Schwierigkeiten hatten, ihre im Vergleich zu den Novizen gröĂere Wissensbasis zu nutzen: (1) Sie leiteten die Fabrik weniger erfolgreich als die Novizen, d.h. sie steuerten das System schlechter. (2) Sie konnten eine Explorationsphase nicht nutzen, um differenziertere und kohĂ€rentere mentale Modelle ĂŒber das ökonomische System (Fabrik und entsprechender Markt) zu konstruieren als die Novizen. Erst nach der Systemsteuerung waren die mentalen Modelle der Semiexperten denjenigen der Novizen ĂŒberlegen. Aus den Befunden werden pĂ€dagogische Schlussfolgerungen fĂŒr die Förderung von Wissenserwerb und Wissensanwendung in komplexen Problemstellungen gezogen. (DIPF/Orig.)Difficulties of knowledge application in solving a complex economical problem were analyzed in order to get hints for the implementation of effective instructional support. For this purpose, intermediate experts and novices had to identify and control a computer-based economics simulation. Intermediate experts were graduate students of Economics (n = 18), novices were students of Psychology and Education (n = 17). The subjects had to explore a simulated jeans factory and, later on, to maximize the profit (system control). The results show that intermediate experts encountered difficulties in using their extensive knowledge base: (1) They were less successful than novices concerning the profit made in the economics computer simulation. (2) They were not able to use the exploration phase in order to construct more sophisticated and coherent mental models of the system than the novices. Not until the system control phase was finished the intermediates outperformed the novices with respect to the quality of their mental models. Conclusions about the educational consequences of the results are drawn. (DIPF/Orig.
Addressing researcher degrees of freedom through minP adjustment
When different researchers study the same research question using the same dataset they may obtain different and potentially even conflicting results. This is because there is often substantial flexibility in researchersâ analytical choices, an issue also referred to as âresearcher degrees of freedomâ. Combined with selective reporting of the smallest p-value or largest effect, researcher degrees of freedom may lead to an increased rate of false positive and overoptimistic results. In this paper, we address this issue by formalizing the multiplicity of analysis strategies as a multiple testing problem. As the test statistics of different analysis strategies are usually highly dependent, a naive approach such as the Bonferroni correction is inappropriate because it leads to an unacceptable loss of power. Instead, we propose using the âminPâ adjustment method, which takes potential test dependencies into account and approximates the underlying null distribution of the minimal p-value through a permutation-based procedure. This procedure is known to achieve more power than simpler approaches while ensuring a weak control of the family-wise error rate. We illustrate our approach for addressing researcher degrees of freedom by applying it to a study on the impact of perioperative paO2 on post-operative complications after neurosurgery. A total of 48 analysis strategies are considered and adjusted using the minP procedure. This approach allows to selectively report the result of the analysis strategy yielding the most convincing evidence, while controlling the type 1 errorâand thus the risk of publishing false positive results that may not be replicable
Zinc recovery from bioleachate using a microbial electrolysis cell and comparison with selective precipitation
Metal recycling is essential for strengthening a circular economy. Microbial leaching (bioleaching) is an economical and environmentally friendly technology widely used to extract metals from insoluble ores or secondary resources such as dust, ashes, and slags. On the other hand, microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) would offer an energy-efficient application for recovering valuable metals from an aqueous solution. In this study, we investigated a MEC for Zn recovery from metal-laden bioleachate for the first time by applying a constant potential of â100âmV vs. Ag/AgCl (3âM NaCl) on a synthetic wastewater-treating bioanode. Zn was deposited onto the cathode surface with a recovery efficiency of 41â±â13% and an energy consumption of 2.55 kWh kgâ1. For comparison, Zn recovery from zinc sulfate solution resulted in a Zn recovery efficiency of 100â±â0% and an energy consumption of 0.70 kWh kgâ1. Furthermore, selective metal precipitation of the bioleachate was performed. Individual metals were almost completely precipitated from the bioleachate at pH 5 (Al), pH 7 (Zn and Fe), and pH 9 (Mg and Mn)
Mathematical surprises and Dirac's formalism in quantum mechanics
By a series of simple examples, we illustrate how the lack of mathematical
concern can readily lead to surprising mathematical contradictions in wave
mechanics. The basic mathematical notions allowing for a precise formulation of
the theory are then summarized and it is shown how they lead to an elucidation
and deeper understanding of the aforementioned problems. After stressing the
equivalence between wave mechanics and the other formulations of quantum
mechanics, i.e. matrix mechanics and Dirac's abstract Hilbert space
formulation, we devote the second part of our paper to the latter approach: we
discuss the problems and shortcomings of this formalism as well as those of the
bra and ket notation introduced by Dirac in this context. In conclusion, we
indicate how all of these problems can be solved or at least avoided.Comment: Largely extended and reorganized version, with new title and abstract
and with 2 figures added (published version), 54 page
Early phase of plasticity-related gene regulation and SRF dependent transcription in the hippocampus
Hippocampal organotypic cultures are a highly reliable in vitro model for studying neuroplasticity: in this paper, we analyze the early phase of the transcriptional response induced by a 20 \ub5M gabazine treatment (GabT), a GABA-Ar antagonist, by using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarray, RT-PCR based time-course and chromatin-immuno-precipitation. The transcriptome profiling revealed that the pool of genes up-regulated by GabT, besides being strongly related to the regulation of growth and synaptic transmission, is also endowed with neuro-protective and pro-survival properties. By using RT-PCR, we quantified a time-course of the transient expression for 33 of the highest up-regulated genes, with an average sampling rate of 10 minutes and covering the time interval [10 3690] minutes. The cluster analysis of the time-course disclosed the existence of three different dynamical patterns, one of which proved, in a statistical analysis based on results from previous works, to be significantly related with SRF-dependent regulation (p-value<0.05). The chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip) assay confirmed the rich presence of working CArG boxes in the genes belonging to the latter dynamical pattern and therefore validated the statistical analysis. Furthermore, an in silico analysis of the promoters revealed the presence of additional conserved CArG boxes upstream of the genes Nr4a1 and Rgs2. The chip assay confirmed a significant SRF signal in the Nr4a1 CArG box but not in the Rgs2 CArG box
- âŠ