Levantamento de ciclopídeos (Crustacea, Copepoda) no Brasil e avaliação preliminar de seu potencial como predadores dos vetores da dengue

INTRODUCTION: Cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The objective of the study was to survey the local copepod fauna and search for new strains of M. longisetus var. longisetus, comparing the potential of the samples found with the current strain ML-01 against Ae. albopictus larvae, under laboratory conditions. Eleven bodies of water in Campinas, SP, Brazil, were screened for copepods by collecting 1.5 l of water from each of then. The predatory potential of adults copepods was evaluated over 24 h, in the laboratory, for groups of 5 individuals preying upon 30 first instar Ae. albopictus larvae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The following cyclopid species were found: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. The predatory potential of these copepods ranged from nil to 97.3%. A sample collected in the field containing only M. longisetus var. longisetus showed the best control efficiency with no significant difference from a three-year old laboratory culture (ML-01) of the same species evaluated for comparison. The sample with few M. albidus var. albidus was ranked in second place showing an average 25.9% efficiency. The use of copepods in trap tires as dengue vector controllers is discussed.INTRODUÇÃO: Copépodos ciclopídeos são conhecidos como bons controladores de mosquitos, especialmente quando considerado as larvas dos vetores da dengue Aedes aegypti e Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Onze corpos d'água em Campinas, SP, Brasil, foram avaliados para copépodos coletando-se 1,5 l de água de cada um deles. O potencial predador dos copépodos adultos foi avaliado por 24 h, em laboratório, em grupos de 5 indivíduos predadando sobre 30 larvas de 1° estádio de Ae. albopictus. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: No presente levantamento as seguintes espécies de ciclopídeos foram encontradas: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. O potencial predador desses copépodos variou de zero a 97,3%. A amostra coletada no campo contendo apenas com M. longisetus var. longisetus mostrou a melhor eficiência de controle, sem diferença significativa de uma cultura de laboratório (ML-01) criada por 3 anos, desta mesma espécie, que foi avaliada para comparação. A amostra com poucos M. albidus var. albidus foi cotada em segundo melhor lugar, apresentando em média 25,9% de eficiência. O uso de copépodos em pneus armadilha como controladores dos vetores da dengue é discutido.22122

Levantamento de ciclopídeos (Crustacea, Copepoda) no Brasil e avaliação preliminar de seu potencial como predadores dos vetores da dengue

INTRODUCTION: Cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The objective of the study was to survey the local copepod fauna and search for new strains of M. longisetus var. longisetus, comparing the potential of the samples found with the current strain ML-01 against Ae. albopictus larvae, under laboratory conditions. Eleven bodies of water in Campinas, SP, Brazil, were screened for copepods by collecting 1.5 l of water from each of then. The predatory potential of adults copepods was evaluated over 24 h, in the laboratory, for groups of 5 individuals preying upon 30 first instar Ae. albopictus larvae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The following cyclopid species were found: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. The predatory potential of these copepods ranged from nil to 97.3%. A sample collected in the field containing only M. longisetus var. longisetus showed the best control efficiency with no significant difference from a three-year old laboratory culture (ML-01) of the same species evaluated for comparison. The sample with few M. albidus var. albidus was ranked in second place showing an average 25.9% efficiency. The use of copepods in trap tires as dengue vector controllers is discussed.INTRODUÇÃO: Copépodos ciclopídeos são conhecidos como bons controladores de mosquitos, especialmente quando considerado as larvas dos vetores da dengue Aedes aegypti e Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Onze corpos d'água em Campinas, SP, Brasil, foram avaliados para copépodos coletando-se 1,5 l de água de cada um deles. O potencial predador dos copépodos adultos foi avaliado por 24 h, em laboratório, em grupos de 5 indivíduos predadando sobre 30 larvas de 1° estádio de Ae. albopictus. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: No presente levantamento as seguintes espécies de ciclopídeos foram encontradas: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. O potencial predador desses copépodos variou de zero a 97,3%. A amostra coletada no campo contendo apenas com M. longisetus var. longisetus mostrou a melhor eficiência de controle, sem diferença significativa de uma cultura de laboratório (ML-01) criada por 3 anos, desta mesma espécie, que foi avaliada para comparação. A amostra com poucos M. albidus var. albidus foi cotada em segundo melhor lugar, apresentando em média 25,9% de eficiência. O uso de copépodos em pneus armadilha como controladores dos vetores da dengue é discutido

Occurence of oocysts Cryptosporidium spp. and cysts Giardia spp. in the wastewater treatment plant : evaluation of removal efficiency of activated sludge process and the desinfection by UV light in inactivation these pathogens

Orientador: Regina Maura Bueno FrancoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Entre muitas doenças de veiculação hídrica, a criptosporidiose e a giardiose são de particular interesse para a Saúde Pública, porque oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp e cistos de Giardia spp. podem persistir por longos períodos no ambiente, sendo que estes dois protozoários patogênicos têm sido implicados como a causa de muitos surtos epidêmicos de gastroenterites nos últimos 25 anos.Em muitos desses surtos, o esgoto doméstico foi incriminado como a fonte de contaminação do manancial; os variados métodos de tratamento de esgoto não removem totalmente agentes patogênicos, evidenciando a necessidade de desinfecçãodo esgoto tratado antes do seu lançamento no corpo hídrico. Uma forma de tratamento de esgoto amplamente utilizada é o processo por Iodos ativados, onde a degradação da matéria orgânica é realizada por bactérias aeróbicas.Em função da resistência de Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia spp. Ao processode desinfecção por cloração, a radiação por luz ultravioleta (UV) têm sidoavaliada como um processo alternativo. Para avaliar a eficiência de remoção de oocistose cistos pelo processo de Iodo ativado e de um reator de luz UV em inativaroocistos e cistos em uma Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) da cidadede Campinas, 3 tipos de amostras foram selecionados para o estudo: I) afluente (n=53), iii) efluente desinfetado por luz UV (n=38) e, iii) efluente sem desinfecção por luz UV (n=53). As amostras de afluente foram concentradas por centrífugo-concentraçãoe as amostras de efluente (desinfetadas ou não por luz UV) foram processadas por filtração em membrana de éster de celulose) e, a visualizaçãodos protozoários, feita pela reação de imunofluorescência direta, com anticorposmonoclonais. A avaliação do processo de desinfecção por luz UV foi realizada com experimento de infectividade animal, inoculando-se 14/ cistos camundongos da linhagem BALB!c nude. Cistos de Giardia spp foram mais freqüentes e em maior densidade nos três tipos de amostras. Oocistos de Cryptosporidiumspp. foram observados somente em 2 amostras de afluente e em apenas uma amostra de efluente desinfetado por luz UV. O tratamento de esgoto pelo processo de Iodo ativado reduziu 98,9 % dos cistos e 99,7 % dos oocistos. A administração intragástrica de cistos de Giardia spp. desinfetados ou não por luz UV em camundongos, resultou na liberação de cistos de Giardia spp., nas fezes e trofozoítos foram observados nas lâminas confeccionadas por aposição do intestino. Estes resultados indicam que a desinfecção por luz UV não foi completamente eficiente na inativação dos cistos de Giardia spp, no caso da ETE estudadaAbstract: Among many water-borne diseases the cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis are of particular public health interest, because Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts can persist for long periods in the environment, and both pathogenic protozoa have been implicated as the cause of many outbreaks of gastroenteritisin the last 25 years. In many of those outbreaks, the domestic sewer was incriminated as to source of contamination of the spring; they varied treatment sewage approaches do not remove entirely agent's pathogens, showing up the need of disinfection of the treated effluent before of their launching in the water body.A form of address of sewer broadly utilized is the trial by activated sludge whichway the degradation of the organic matter is carried out by aerobic bacteria and, in function of the resistance of Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp. to the chlorinedisinfection, the ultraviolet light (UV) has been evaluated like an alternative trial of disinfection. In order to evaluate the efficiency of cysts and oocysts removal by the activated sludge process, and by a UV reactor in inactivating cysts and oocystsin one Wastewater Treatment Plant (Wl/VTP)in Campinas, three sampling points were selected for study: i) influent (n=53),iii) treated effluent with UV disinfection (n=38) and iii) treated effluent without UV disinfection (n=53). The influent samples were concentrated by centrifugation and effluent samples (disinfectedwith UV light or not) were processed by cellulose esters membrane filtration, and protozoan visualization was analyzed by fluorescent monoclonal antibodytests. The investigation of disinfection potential by UV light was made with infectivityassay. Each mice of linage BALB/c nude were intragastrically inoculated a mean dosage 14 cysts. Giardia spp cysts prevailed with higher density in the three different sample types. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were observed in only 2 samples of influent and in just one sample of treated sewage with UV disinfection.The treatment by the activated sludge process promoted a reduction of 98.9% of cysts and 99.7 % of oocysts. Gastric intubation of Giardia spp. Cysts disinfected ar not by UV light to mice resulted in cysts released in feces and trophozoiteswere also observed toa in intestinal scrapings. The findings of this study indicate that disinfection by UV light was not completely efficient regarding the inactivationof Giardia spp cysts in the case of theDoutoradoDoutor em Parasitologi

Estudos sobre Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus (Thiebaud)dussart (Copepoda:Cyclopidae) visando o controle dos mosquitos vetores da dengue

Orientador: Carlos Fernando S. AndradeDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaMestradoParasitologiaMestre em Ciências Biológica

Survey of cyclopids (Crustacea, Copepoda) in Brazil and preliminary screening of their potential as dengue vector predators

INTRODUCTION: Cyclopid copepods are known to be good mosquito controllers, specially as regards the larvae of the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The objective of the study was to survey the local copepod fauna and search for new strains of M. longisetus var. longisetus, comparing the potential of the samples found with the current strain ML-01 against Ae. albopictus larvae, under laboratory conditions. Eleven bodies of water in Campinas, SP, Brazil, were screened for copepods by collecting 1.5 l of water from each of then. The predatory potential of adults copepods was evaluated over 24 h, in the laboratory, for groups of 5 individuals preying upon 30 first instar Ae. albopictus larvae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The following cyclopid species were found: Metacyclops mendocinus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Eucyclops sp, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops solitarius, Eucyclops ensifer, Macrocyclops albidus var. albidus and Mesocyclops longisetus var. longisetus. The predatory potential of these copepods ranged from nil to 97.3%. A sample collected in the field containing only M. longisetus var. longisetus showed the best control efficiency with no significant difference from a three-year old laboratory culture (ML-01) of the same species evaluated for comparison. The sample with few M. albidus var. albidus was ranked in second place showing an average 25.9% efficiency. The use of copepods in trap tires as dengue vector controllers is discussed

Inactivation Of Bacteria And Helminth In Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Using Oxidation Processes.

The contamination of bodies of water by raw and even treated sewage is worrying because pathogens that affect public health and the environment are not fully eliminated in wastewater treatment systems. The disinfection step is an important barrier to adopt to reduce this contamination. However, widely used disinfectants such as chlorine do not guarantee the inactivation of resistant organisms such as spore-forming bacteria and helminth eggs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of processes of peroxidation (H2O2), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation (H2O2/UV) in terms of reduction and inactivation of total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, helminth eggs and larvae present in a treated sewage. Doses of UV radiation of 70 mJ cm(-2) and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 30 mg L(-1) were used. The number of bacteria reduced after UV and H2O2/UV processes was 3 and 4 log, respectively. An average reduction of 59% in the number of eggs was verified when using H2O2, UV, and H2O2/UV processes. Helminth larvae were reduced by 24% after H2O2 and UV; the process H2O2/UV did not reduce the number of larvae. Statistically significant differences between the processes for both organisms were not observed.681825-

Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in raw and effluent wastewater: critical evaluation of methods

In this study, the efficiency of centrifuge-concentration and membrane filtrated methods was evaluated in the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in raw or treated wastewater samples, from activated sludge systems (ETE - Samambaia, Campinas, in São Paulo). The samples were collected once a fortnight for two years: 53 samples of influent (AFL), 53 samples of treated effluent without ultraviolet disinfection (EFL), and 38 samples of treated effluent with ultraviolet disinfection (EFL+UV). Giardia spp. cysts were found in 90.5% of the AFL samples; in 96.2% of the samples, EFL; and in 94.7%, EFL+UV. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 6.4% of AFL samples and 2.6% of EFL+UV. Both methods showed efficiency when detecting protozoa in all types of samples, besides having low costs by analysis.Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a eficiência dos métodos centrífugo-concentração e filtração em membrana, na detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e cistos de Giardia spp. em amostras de esgoto bruto e tratado, provenientes de um sistema de lodos ativados (estação de tratamento de esgoto, Samambaia, Campinas, em São Paulo). As amostras foram coletadas quinzenalmente por dois anos: 53 amostras de esgoto bruto (AFL), 53 de efluente tratado sem desinfecção por luz ultravioleta (EFL) e 38 de efluente tratado e desinfetado por luz ultravioleta (EFL+UV). Cistos de Giardia spp. foram encontrados em 90,5% das amostras AFL; em 96,2%, de EFL; e em 94,7%, de EFL+UV. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. foram detectados em 6,4% das amostras AFL e em 2,6 % de EFL+UV. Ambos os métodos mostraram-se eficientes na detecção destes protozoários em todos os tipos de amostras, além de apresentarem baixo custo por análise.11512