Notas sobre o comportamento de corte de Aplastodiscus arildae (Cruz & Peixoto, 1985) em um fragmento florestal urbano no sudeste do Brasil (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)

The courtship behavior, advertisement call, and courtship call of Aplastodiscus arildae are described based on observations realized at Parque das Mangabeiras, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Calling males were observed at leaves above the stream or on the litter near rivulet banks approximately all year. Female is attracted by the calling male and conducted to the subterranean nest, a different place from the calling site. The courtship event involves alternated mutual touches by the couple and calls with higher repetition rate emitted by the male. Aplastodiscus arildae presents reproductive mode with aquatic eggs deposited in subterranean nests. The advertisement call and courtship call consisted of a sequence of a unique no pulsed note, but the first presents larger interval among the calls and duration and higher dominant frequency than the last.O comportamento de corte e os cantos de anúncio e de corte de Aplastodiscus arildae são descritos com base em observações realizadas no Parque das Mangabeiras, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Sudeste do Brasil. Machos vocalizam praticamente por todo o ano, utilizando como sítios de vocalização a vegetação marginal ou o folhedo no barranco na margem de riachos. A fêmea é atraída pelo macho vocalizante, que a leva até o ninho (uma toca subterrânea), que se situa em local diferente do sítio de vocalização. No processo de condução ao ninho estão envolvidos toques mútuos entre os indivíduos e emissões de canto de corte emitidas pelo macho. Aplastodiscus arildae apresenta modo reprodutivo com ovos aquáticos depositados em ninhos subterrâneos. Os cantos de anúncio e de corte consistem de seqüências de uma única nota não pulsionada, sendo que o primeiro apresenta maior intervalo entre cantos e duração e freqüência dominante mais elevada que o segundo

Descrição da Vocalização e do Girino de Pseudopaludicola Mineira Lobo, 1994, com Notas sobre a Morfologia de Adultos (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Vocalization, Tadpole, Color In Life, Sexual Dimorphism, And Reproductive Traits Of Pseudopaludicola Mineira Lobo, 1994 Are Described From Populations Of The Serra Do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. The Advertisement Call Is Composed Mainly By Notes With Two Pulses And Is Distinguished From Other Congeneric Species By The Number Of Pulses By Note And Frequency Range. Males Called From The Low Vegetation On Swampy Soil At High Altitudinal Open Fields And Around Temporary Ponds. Eggs, In Lower Number Than In P. Falcipes (Hensel, 1867), Are Pigmented. The Main Differences Among The Larvae Of The Species Of Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 Are Related To Number Of Labial Teeth Row And The Shape Of The Marginal Papillae And The Jaw. Males Are Smaller Than Females And Present Well Developed Vocal Sac And Nuptial Pads On Thumbs.Vocalização, Girino, Coloração Em Vida, Dimorfismo Sexual E Aspectos Reprodutivos De Pseudopaludicola Mineira Lobo, 1994 São Descritos De Populações Da Serra Do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Sudeste Do Brasil. O Canto De Anúncio É Composto Geralmente Por Notas De Dois Pulsos E Distingue-Se De Outras Espécies Congenéricas Pelo Número De Pulsos Por Nota E Pela Faixa De Freqüência Ocupada. Machos Vocalizavam Entre A Vegetação Baixa, Sobre Solo Encharcado Em Campos Abertos De Altitude E Ao Redor De Poças Temporárias. Os Ovos, Em Número Menor Que De P. Falcipes (Hensel, 1867), São Pigmentados. As Principais Diferenças Entre As Larvas Das Espécies De Pseudopaludicola Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 São A Fórmula Dentária Dos Girinos, O Número De Fileiras De Papilas Marginais E O Formato Da Mandíbula. Machos São Menores Que As Fêmeas E Apresentam Saco Vocal Desenvolvido E Calosidades Nupciais No Prepólex

Hydrogenated fat diet intake during pregnancy and lactation modifies the PAI-1 gene expression in white adipose tissue of offspring in adult life

We examine whether feeding pregnant and lactating rats hydrogenated fats rich in trans fatty acids modifies the plasma lipid profiles and the expression of adipokines involved with insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in their 90-day-old offspring. Pregnant and lactating Wistar rats were fed with either a control diet (C group) or one enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat (T group). Upon weaning, the male pups were sorted into four groups: CC, mothers were receiving C and pups were kept on C; CT, mothers were receiving C and pups were fed with T; TT, mothers were receiving T and pups were kept on T; TC, mothers were receiving T and pups were fed with C. Pups' food intake and body weight were quantified weekly and the pups were killed at day 90 of life by decapitation. Blood and carcass as well as retroperitoneal, epididymal, and subcutaneous white adipose tissues were collected. Food intake and body weight were lower in TC and TT, and metabolic efficiency was reduced in TT. Offspring of TT and TC rats had increased white adipose tissue PAI-1 gene expression. Insulin receptor was higher in TT than other groups. Ingestion of hydrogenated vegetable fat by the mother during gestation and lactation could promote deleterious consequences, even after the withdrawal of the causal factor

Hydrogenated fat intake during pregnancy and lactation caused increase in TRAF-6 and reduced AdipoR1 in white adipose tissue, but not in muscle of 21 days old offspring rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although lipids transfer through placenta is very limited, modification in dietary fatty acids can lead to implications in fetal and postnatal development. <it>Trans </it>fatty acid (TFA) intake during gestation and lactation have been reported to promote dyslipidemia and increase in pro- inflammatory adipokines in offspring. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the alterations on pro-inflammatory cytokines and dyslipidemia observed previously in 21-d-old offspring of rats fed a diet containing hydrogenated vegetable fat during gestation and lactation were related to alterations in TLR-4, TRAF-6 and adipo-R1 receptor in white adipose tissue and muscle. On the first day of gestation, rats were randomly divided into two groups: (C) received a control diet, and (T) received a diet enriched with hydrogenated vegetable fat, rich in <it>trans </it>fatty acids. The diets were maintained throughout gestation and lactation. Each mother was given eight male pups. On the 21st day of life the offspring were killed. Blood, soleus and extensor digital longus (EDL) muscles, and retroperitoneal (RET) white adipose tissue were collected.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>21-d-old of T rats had higher serum triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and insulin. The Adipo R1 protein expression was lower in RET and higher in EDL of T group than C. TLR-4 protein content in all studied tissues were similar between groups, the same was verified in TRAF-6 protein expression in soleus and EDL. However, TRAF-6 protein expression in RET was higher in T than C.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results demonstrated that maternal ingestion of hydrogenated vegetable fat rich in TFAs during gestation and lactation decrease in Adipo R1 protein expression and increase in TRAF-6 protein expression in retroperitoneal adipose tissue, but not in skeletal muscle, which could contributed for hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia observed in their 21-d-old offspring.</p

Fish oil consumption prevents glucose intolerance and hypercorticosteronemy in footshock-stressed rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Environmental stress plays an important role in the development of glucose intolerance influencing lipid and glucose metabolism through sympathetic nervous system, cytokines and hormones such as glucocorticoids, catecholamines and glucagon. Otherwise, fish oil prevents glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Although the mechanisms involved are not fully understood, it is known that sympathetic and HPA responses are blunted and catecholamines and glucocorticoids concentrations can be modulated by fish consumption. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether fish oil, on a normal lipidic diet: 1) could prevent the effect of footshock-stress on the development of glucose intolerance; 2) modified adiponectin receptor and serum concentration; and 3) also modified TNF-α, IL-6 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in adipose tissue and liver. The study was performed in thirty day-old male Wistar randomly assigned into four groups: no stressed (C) and stressed (CS) rats fed with control diet, and no stressed (F) and stressed (FS) rats fed with a fish oil rich diet. The stress was performed as a three daily footshock stress sessions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Body weight, carcass fat and protein content were not different among groups. FS presented a reduction on the relative weight of RET. Basal serum glucose levels were higher in CS and FS but 15 min after glucose load just CS remained with higher levels than other groups. Serum corticosterone concentration was increased in CS, this effect was inhibited in FS. However, 15 min after footshock-stress, corticosterone levels were similar among groups. IL-6 was increased in EPI of CS but fish oil consumption prevented IL-6 increase in FS. Similar levels of TNF-α and IL-10 in RET, EPI, and liver were observed among groups. Adipo R1 protein concentration was not different among groups. Footshock-stress did not modify AdipoR2 concentration, but fish oil diet increases AdipoR2 protein concentration.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Footshock-stress promotes glucose intolerance associated to corticosterone serum level and epididymal white adipose tissue IL-6 concentration increase. The fish oil consumption by stressed rats normalized the stress responses. These results suggested that fish oil intake could be useful to minimize or prevent the development of diseases associated to the stress.</p

Extensive Cryptic Diversity Within the Physalaemus cuvieri - Physalaemus ephippifer Species Complex (Amphibia, Anura) Revealed by Cytogenetic, Mitochondrial, and Genomic Markers

Previous cytogenetic and phylogenetic analyses showed a high variability in the frog taxa Physalaemus cuvieri and Physalaemus ephippifer and suggested the presence of undescribed diversity in this species complex. Here, by 1) adding specimens from the Brazilian Amazon region, 2) employing sequence-based species delimitation approaches, and 3) including RADseq-style markers, we demonstrate that the diversity in the P. cuvieri–P. ephippifer species complex is even greater than previously suspected. Specimens from Viruá and Western Pará, located at the Guiana Amazonian area of endemism, were recovered as distinct from all previously identified lineages by the phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial DNA and RAD markers, a PCA from RAD data, and cytogenetic analysis. The sequence-based species delimitation analyses supported the recognition of one or two undescribed species among these Amazonian specimens and also supported the recognition of at least three other species in the P. cuvieri–P. ephippifer species complex. These new results reinforce the need for a comprehensive taxonomic revision.Fil: Nascimento, Juliana. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biología; BrasilFil: Lima, Jucivaldo D.. Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá; BrasilFil: Suarez, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Gilda V.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhao.; BrasilFil: Pierson, Todd W.. University of Tennessee; Estados UnidosFil: Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M.. University of Tennessee; Estados UnidosFil: Baptista Haddad, Célio Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Recco Pimentel, Shirlei M.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biología; BrasilFil: Lourenço, Luciana B.. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Biología; Brasi

Development, cytotoxicity and eye irritation profile of a new sunscreen formulation based on benzophenone-3-poly(-caprolactone) nanocapsules

The objective of this work was to characterize the toxicological profile of a newly developed sunscreen formulation based on polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) loading benzophenone-3 (BZP3). NCs composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) carrot oil and Pluronic® F68 were produced by emulsification-diffusion method. Their mean particle size (Z-Ave) ranged from 280 to 420 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) was below 0.37, while zeta potential (ZP) reached about |+11 mV|. No cytotoxic effects were observed in L929 fibroblast cell line for the blank (i.e., non-loaded) NCs and BZP3-loaded NCs (BZP3-NCs). The semi-solid sunscreen formulation was stable over time (centrifugation testing) and exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, which is typical of products for topical application onto the skin. The sun protection factor (SPF) value reached 8.84, when incorporating BZP3-NCs (SPF of 8.64) into the semi-solid formulation. A synergistic effect was also observed when combining the formulation ingredients of nanocapsules, i.e., SPF of carrot oil was 6.82, blank NCs was 6.84, and BZP3-loaded NCs was 8.64. From the hen’s egg-chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM) test, the non-irritation profile of the developed formulations could also be confirmed. The obtained results show a promising use of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules to be loaded with lipophilic sunscreens as benzophenone-3.This research was funded by Coordenação Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sergipe (FAPITEC), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). This work was also financed through the project M-ERA-NET/0004/2015 and scholarship grant SFRH/BD/130555/2017, from the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Ministry of Science and Education (FCT/MEC) from national funds, and co-financed by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement PT2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio