Does the Element Availability Change in Soils Exposed to Bioplastics and Plastics for Six Months?

Plastic sheets are widely used in farming soil to improve the productivity of cultures. Due to their absorption capacity, plastic sheets can alter element and metal content in soils, and in turn affect soil properties. The use of biodegradable films is an attractive eco-sustainable alternative approach to overcome the environmental pollution problems due to the use of plastic films but their impacts on soil are scarcely studied. The aim of the research was to evaluate the impact of conventional plastic and bioplastic sheets on total and available concentrations of elements (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils. The research was performed in mesocosm trials, filled with soil covered by conventional plastic and bioplastic sheets. After six months of exposure, soils were characterized for pH, water content, concentrations of organic and total carbon and total nitrogen, and total and available Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn element concentrations. The results highlighted that soils covered by bioplastic sheets showed higher total and available concentrations of elements and higher contamination factors, suggesting that bioplastic sheets represented a source of metals or a less-effective sink to these background metals in soils, compared to conventional plastic ones

Soil Biological Responses under Different Vegetation Types in Mediterranean Area

The knowledge of the effects of fire on soil properties is of particular concern in Mediterranean areas, where the effects of vegetation type are still scarce also. This research aimed: to assess the properties of burnt soils under different vegetation types; to highlight the soil abiotic properties driving the soil microbial biomass and activity under each vegetation type; to compare the biological response in unburnt and burnt soils under the same vegetation type, and between unburnt and burnt soils under different vegetation types. The soils were collected at a Mediterranean area where a large wildfire caused a 50% loss of the previous vegetation types (holm oak: HO, pine: P, black locust: BL, and herbs: H), and were characterized by abiotic (pH, water, and organic matter contents; N concentrations; and C/N ratios) and biotic (microbial and fungal biomasses, microbial respiration, soil metabolic quotient, and hydrolase and dehydrogenase activities) properties. The biological response was evaluated by the Integrative Biological Responses (IBR) index. Before the fire, organic matter and N contents were significantly higher in P than H soils. After the fire, significant increases of pH, organic matter, C/N ratio, microbial biomass and respiration, and hydrolase and dehydrogenase activities were observed in all the soils, especially under HO. In conclusion, the post-fire soil conditions were less favorable for microorganisms, as the IBR index decreased when compared to the pre-fire conditions

Impact of prescribed burning, mowing and abandonment on a Mediterranean grassland: A 5-year multi-kingdom comparison

Mediterranean grasslands are semi-natural, fire-prone, species-rich ecosystems that have been maintained for centuries through a combination of fire, grazing, and mowing. Over the past half century, however, grasslands have faced numerous threats, including the abandonment of traditional agro-pastoral practices. Our hypothesis was that mowing and prescribed burning are management practices potentially effective in counteracting the reduction of plant diversity triggered by land abandonment. However, the long-term effects of such management practices on plant communities and soil microbiota in Mediterranean grassland remain poorly studied. Here, we conducted a 5-year field experiment comparing prescribed fire, vegetation mowing, and abandonment in a fire-prone Mediterranean grassland in southern Italy in order to evaluate the capability of such management strategies to counteract the detrimental impacts of land abandonment on plant diversity and the associated increase of wildfire. We combined vegetation analysis and soil chemical characterization and several microbiota analyses, including microbial biomass and respiration, arthropod community, and high-throughput sequencing of bacterial and eukaryotic rRNA gene markers. Burning and mowing significantly increased plant species richness and diversity compared to abandonment plots, reducing the abundance of perennial tall grasses in favour of short-lived species. Standing litter followed the same trend, being 3.8-fold greater and largely composed of grass remains in the abandoned compared to burnt and mowed plots. In the soil, prescribed burning caused significant increase in pH, a reduction in organic carbon, total N, and cation exchange capacity. Diversity and taxonomic composition of bacterial and fungal microbiota was affected by burning and mowing treatments. Abandonment caused shifts of microbiota towards a fungal-dominated system, composed of late successional fungi of the Basidiomycota. Fast-growing and putative fungal pathogens were more abundant under burnt and mowed treatments. Soil arthropods were influenced by vegetation and microbiota changes, being strongly reduced in mowed plots. Our study demonstrated that grassland abandonment promotes the spread of tall grasses, reducing plant diversity and increasing the risk of wildfire, while prescribed burning and mowing are effective in counteracting such negative effects

EFFECTS OF LAND USE TRANFORMATION ON MIRCOARTHROPOD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN MEDITERRANEAN AREA

Human activities frequently lead to the conversion of natural habitats into human mediated ones. Land use transformation is an important form of global pressure as affects biodiversity, and gradually causes soil functionality loss. Therefore, soil biodiversity loss may cause significant alteration of regulatory services of terrestrial ecosystems. The analysis of taxonomical and functional structure of microarthropod communities is revealing to be an useful tool to understand changes in soil functionality, in soils with different anthropoic pressure. The work aimed to assess how anthropic impact affects Mediterranean soil quality and functionality. In particular, the work evaluated the ecotoxicology of metal polluted urban soils through laboratory bioassays and field studies, in order to investigate the relationship between the responses of standard organisms and the field communities, in a gradient of metal pollution. Then, urban soils were compared with other soil management to highlight possible differences in soil physical and chemical properties and taxonomic and functional structure of Collembola community among different land uses. Urban soils were collected in September 2010 (Autumn) and April 2011 (Spring) in the urban area of Naples city, whereas soil undergone to different land uses (natural, urban, industrial and agricultural) were collected in Naples and surroundings in October 2011 (Autumn) and March 2012 (Spring). The soils were analysed for principal physical and chemical properties. Taxonomy and fuctional traits of Collembola community were analysed. In urban soil, organic matter content and metal contamination were the main driving forces in assembling the arthropods within the community. Collembola seemed the most sensitive taxon to urbanization. In fact, Collembola functional traits highlighted wide differences among the land uses. Collembola with bigger size, pigmented and with sexual reproduction were found mainly in agricultural soils. Detritivorous Collembola were abundant everywhere, whereas herbivorous Collembola were mainly found at urban and natural soils

Effets de l'urbanisation sur les communautés de microarthropodes du sol en région méditerranéenne

The effects of human-mediated activities on soil quality and functioning have been assessed. Composition and changes in arthropod community structure and laboratory bioassays were performed on urban soils in order to understand the roles of metal contamination on soil organism activities and distribution. Then, comparison of urban, agricultural, industrial and forest soils were performed, monitoring Collembola species and functional traits composition, in order to assess if the impact of urban environment is greater than other kinds of anthropization. Soil organism community was analysed twice a years for evaluating the role of seasonality on anthropic impacted soils. The different kinds of anthropization firstly affected the abiotic properties of the sites. Agricultural and urban soils were the most impacted soils by human activities, which cause changes in vegetation cover, organic matter amounts and accumulation of hazardous elements and compounds. Soils organisms responded to soil abiotic modifications. In particular, in urban environment soil organisms were strongly reduced at high level of metal contamination, whereas organic matter content and climatic conditions played the main role at low-intermediate soil contamination. Collembola community showed a strong reduction in species richness in agricultural soils, with a consequent domination of few tolerant species. Collembola functional trait distribution was mainly affected by the presence and the type of litter and inputs of contaminants. In particular, agricultural environment favoured organisms with traits adapted to soil life surface, whereas forest soils favoured organisms with euedaphic characteristics. Industrial and urban soils showed organisms with both epiedaphic and euedaphic characteristicsLes effets des activités humaines sur la qualité et le fonctionnement des sols ont été évalués. En complément de biotests effectués au laboratoire, la composition et les changements de structure des communautés d'arthropodes en sols urbains ont été analysés, afin de comprendre l'influence de la contamination métallique sur les organismes du sol. Par ailleurs, une comparaison entre les sols urbains, agricoles, industriels et forestiers a été réalisée, à travers l'analyse de la composition en espèces et des traits fonctionnels des collemboles. Les analyses de la communauté d'organismes du sol a été réalisée deux fois par an pour évaluer le rôle de la saisonnalité. Les différentes activités anthropiques, qui provoquent des changements au niveau de la couverture végétale, de la quantité de matière organique et de l'accumulation d'éléments et de composés dangereux, altèrent principalement les sols agricoles et urbains. En environnement urbain, les abondances d'organismes du sol ont été fortement réduites pour les niveaux élevés de contamination métallique, tandis que la teneur en matière organique et les conditions climatiques ont joué le rôle principal pour les niveaux de contamination faible et intermédiaire. La communauté des collemboles a montré une forte réduction de la diversité en espèces dans les sols agricoles. La distribution des traits fonctionnels des Collemboles a été principalement influencée par la présence et le type de litière et les apports de contaminants. En particulier, le milieu agricole a favorisé les organismes adaptés à la vie en surface, alors que les sols forestiers ont favorisé les organismes présentant des caractéristiques euedaphiques. Les sols industriels et urbains ont montré la présence d'organismes avec des caractéristiques à la fois épiedaphiques et euedaphique