Parasites in water used for consumption and for recreational purposes as well as in the water from Arroyo Naposta in city of Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of sanitarily important parasites in the water from Arroyo Napostá as well as in the water used for recreational purposes (public swimmingpools) and for consumption in the city of Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. To this end, 24,000 liters of water from different sectors of Arroyo Napostá; 2,000 liters of water from each of the three public swimming-pools of Bahía Blanca; and 8,000 liters of water for consumption were collected using polypropylene spun cartridge filters with a 1 μm porosity (Cuno Micro Wind II). Further processing was conducted following Madore´s technique (1987) modified by Pezzani (2000). Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. Giardia sp. was carried out via direct immunofluorescence. Our study confirmed the presence of the following parasites in the areas of study: Hymenolepis diminuta eggs, Giardia sp cysts, Toxocara sp eggs, Entamoeba sp cysts, Endolimax sp cysts, Nematode larvae, Trichostrongylus sp eggs, Ascaris sp eggs, and Cryptosporidium sp cysts in the water from Arroyo Napostá; Hymenolepis diminuta eggs, Giardia sp cysts, Toxocara sp eggs, Entamoeba sp cysts, Endolimax sp cysts, Nematode larvae, Trichostrongylus sp eggs, Ascaris sp in the water from swimmingpools; and Cryptosporidium sp in the water for consumption. The results from the present study urge sanitary authorities from the city of Bahía Blanca to take measures in order to prevent not only humans but also animals from getting in contact with these waters which are contaminated and dangerous to health.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la presencia de parásitos de importancia sanitaria para el hombre, en el arroyo Napostá, en aguas recreacionales (piscinas públicas) y de consumo en Bahía Blanca (Provincia de Buenos Aires) Argentina. Se recolectaron 24.000 litros de agua de diferentes sectores del arroyo Napostá, 2.000 litros de cada una de las tres piscinas públicas y 8.000 litros de agua de consumo, mediante filtros de poro de una micra de diámetro (Cuno Micro Wind). El procesamiento posterior se efectuó siguiendo la técnica de Madore (1) modificada por Pezzani (2). La detección de Cryptosporidium sp. Giardia sp. se realizó mediante inmunofluo-rescencia directa. Las formas parasitarias observadas, fueron: huevos de Hymenolepis diminuta, quistes de Giardia sp, huevos de Toxocara sp, quistes de Entamoeba sp. Quistes de Endolimax sp, larvas de Nematodos, huevos de Trichostrongylus sp, huevos de Ascaris sp y quistes de Cryptosporidium sp. en las aguas del Arroyo Napostá; huevos de Hymenolepis diminuta, quistes de Giardia sp, huevos de Toxocara sp, quistes de Entamoeba sp. quistes de Endolimax sp, larvas de Nematodos, huevos de Trichostrongylus sp, huevos de Ascaris sp. en agua de piscina; y quistes de Cryptosporidium sp. en agua de consumo. En conclusión es necesario que las autoridades sanitarias adopten medidas tendientes a evitar que el hombre y los animales tomen contacto con estas aguas contaminadas y peligrosas para la salud.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Microplastics and anthropogenic debris in rainwater from Bahia Blanca, Argentina

Concern about atmospheric microplastic (MP) contamination has increased in recent years. This study assessed the abundance of airborne anthropogenic particles, including MPs, deposited in rainfall in Bahia Blanca, southwest Buenos Aires, Argentina. Rainwater samples were collected monthly from March to December 2021 using an active wet-only collector consisting of a glass funnel and a PVC pipe that is only open during rain events. Results obtained show that all rain samples contained anthropogenic debris. The term “anthropogenic debris” is used to refer to the total number of particles as not all the particles found could be determined as plastic. Among all the samples, an average deposition of 77 ± 29 items (anthropogenic debris) m⁻²d⁻¹ was found. The highest deposition was observed in November (148 items m⁻²d⁻¹) while the lowest was found in March (46 items m⁻²d⁻¹). Anthropogenic debris ranged in size from 0.1 mm to 3.87 mm with the most abundant particles being smaller than 1 mm (77.8%). The dominant form of particles found were fibers (95%), followed by fragments (3.1%). Blue color predominated (37.2%) in the total number of samples, followed by light blue (23.3%) and black (21.7%). Further, small particles (<2 mm), apparently composed of mineral material and plastic fibers, were recognized. The chemical composition of suspected MPs was examined by Raman microscopy. The analysis of μ-Raman spectra confirmed the presence of polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene vinyl acetate fibers and provided evidence of fibers containing industrial additives such as indigo dye. This is the first assessment of MP pollution in rain in Argentina.Centro de Química Inorgánic

Parasites in water used for consumption and for recreational purposes as well as in the water from Arroyo Naposta in city of Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

The aim of the present study was to detect the presence of sanitarily important parasites in the water from Arroyo Napostá as well as in the water used for recreational purposes (public swimmingpools) and for consumption in the city of Bahía Blanca, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. To this end, 24,000 liters of water from different sectors of Arroyo Napostá; 2,000 liters of water from each of the three public swimming-pools of Bahía Blanca; and 8,000 liters of water for consumption were collected using polypropylene spun cartridge filters with a 1 μm porosity (Cuno Micro Wind II). Further processing was conducted following Madore´s technique (1987) modified by Pezzani (2000). Detection of Cryptosporidium sp. Giardia sp. was carried out via direct immunofluorescence. Our study confirmed the presence of the following parasites in the areas of study: Hymenolepis diminuta eggs, Giardia sp cysts, Toxocara sp eggs, Entamoeba sp cysts, Endolimax sp cysts, Nematode larvae, Trichostrongylus sp eggs, Ascaris sp eggs, and Cryptosporidium sp cysts in the water from Arroyo Napostá; Hymenolepis diminuta eggs, Giardia sp cysts, Toxocara sp eggs, Entamoeba sp cysts, Endolimax sp cysts, Nematode larvae, Trichostrongylus sp eggs, Ascaris sp in the water from swimmingpools; and Cryptosporidium sp in the water for consumption. The results from the present study urge sanitary authorities from the city of Bahía Blanca to take measures in order to prevent not only humans but also animals from getting in contact with these waters which are contaminated and dangerous to health.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar la presencia de parásitos de importancia sanitaria para el hombre, en el arroyo Napostá, en aguas recreacionales (piscinas públicas) y de consumo en Bahía Blanca (Provincia de Buenos Aires) Argentina. Se recolectaron 24.000 litros de agua de diferentes sectores del arroyo Napostá, 2.000 litros de cada una de las tres piscinas públicas y 8.000 litros de agua de consumo, mediante filtros de poro de una micra de diámetro (Cuno Micro Wind). El procesamiento posterior se efectuó siguiendo la técnica de Madore (1) modificada por Pezzani (2). La detección de Cryptosporidium sp. Giardia sp. se realizó mediante inmunofluo-rescencia directa. Las formas parasitarias observadas, fueron: huevos de Hymenolepis diminuta, quistes de Giardia sp, huevos de Toxocara sp, quistes de Entamoeba sp. Quistes de Endolimax sp, larvas de Nematodos, huevos de Trichostrongylus sp, huevos de Ascaris sp y quistes de Cryptosporidium sp. en las aguas del Arroyo Napostá; huevos de Hymenolepis diminuta, quistes de Giardia sp, huevos de Toxocara sp, quistes de Entamoeba sp. quistes de Endolimax sp, larvas de Nematodos, huevos de Trichostrongylus sp, huevos de Ascaris sp. en agua de piscina; y quistes de Cryptosporidium sp. en agua de consumo. En conclusión es necesario que las autoridades sanitarias adopten medidas tendientes a evitar que el hombre y los animales tomen contacto con estas aguas contaminadas y peligrosas para la salud.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Stoma-free survival after anastomotic leak following rectal cancer resection: worldwide cohort of 2470 patients

Background: The optimal treatment of anastomotic leak after rectal cancer resection is unclear. This worldwide cohort study aimed to provide an overview of four treatment strategies applied. Methods: Patients from 216 centres and 45 countries with anastomotic leak after rectal cancer resection between 2014 and 2018 were included. Treatment was categorized as salvage surgery, faecal diversion with passive or active (vacuum) drainage, and no primary/secondary faecal diversion. The primary outcome was 1-year stoma-free survival. In addition, passive and active drainage were compared using propensity score matching (2: 1). Results: Of 2470 evaluable patients, 388 (16.0 per cent) underwent salvage surgery, 1524 (62.0 per cent) passive drainage, 278 (11.0 per cent) active drainage, and 280 (11.0 per cent) had no faecal diversion. One-year stoma-free survival rates were 13.7, 48.3, 48.2, and 65.4 per cent respectively. Propensity score matching resulted in 556 patients with passive and 278 with active drainage. There was no statistically significant difference between these groups in 1-year stoma-free survival (OR 0.95, 95 per cent c.i. 0.66 to 1.33), with a risk difference of -1.1 (95 per cent c.i. -9.0 to 7.0) per cent. After active drainage, more patients required secondary salvage surgery (OR 2.32, 1.49 to 3.59), prolonged hospital admission (an additional 6 (95 per cent c.i. 2 to 10) days), and ICU admission (OR 1.41, 1.02 to 1.94). Mean duration of leak healing did not differ significantly (an additional 12 (-28 to 52) days). Conclusion: Primary salvage surgery or omission of faecal diversion likely correspond to the most severe and least severe leaks respectively. In patients with diverted leaks, stoma-free survival did not differ statistically between passive and active drainage, although the increased risk of secondary salvage surgery and ICU admission suggests residual confounding

Stoma-free Survival After Rectal Cancer Resection With Anastomotic Leakage: Development and Validation of a Prediction Model in a Large International Cohort.

Objective:To develop and validate a prediction model (STOMA score) for 1-year stoma-free survival in patients with rectal cancer (RC) with anastomotic leakage (AL).Background:AL after RC resection often results in a permanent stoma.Methods:This international retrospective cohort study (TENTACLE-Rectum) encompassed 216 participating centres and included patients who developed AL after RC surgery between 2014 and 2018. Clinically relevant predictors for 1-year stoma-free survival were included in uni and multivariable logistic regression models. The STOMA score was developed and internally validated in a cohort of patients operated between 2014 and 2017, with subsequent temporal validation in a 2018 cohort. The discriminative power and calibration of the models' performance were evaluated.Results:This study included 2499 patients with AL, 1954 in the development cohort and 545 in the validation cohort. Baseline characteristics were comparable. One-year stoma-free survival was 45.0% in the development cohort and 43.7% in the validation cohort. The following predictors were included in the STOMA score: sex, age, American Society of Anestesiologist classification, body mass index, clinical M-disease, neoadjuvant therapy, abdominal and transanal approach, primary defunctioning stoma, multivisceral resection, clinical setting in which AL was diagnosed, postoperative day of AL diagnosis, abdominal contamination, anastomotic defect circumference, bowel wall ischemia, anastomotic fistula, retraction, and reactivation leakage. The STOMA score showed good discrimination and calibration (c-index: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66-0.76).Conclusions:The STOMA score consists of 18 clinically relevant factors and estimates the individual risk for 1-year stoma-free survival in patients with AL after RC surgery, which may improve patient counseling and give guidance when analyzing the efficacy of different treatment strategies in future studies

Global attitudes in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic: ACIE Appy Study

Background: Surgical strategies are being adapted to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations on the management of acute appendicitis have been based on expert opinion, but very little evidence is available. This study addressed that dearth with a snapshot of worldwide approaches to appendicitis. Methods: The Association of Italian Surgeons in Europe designed an online survey to assess the current attitude of surgeons globally regarding the management of patients with acute appendicitis during the pandemic. Questions were divided into baseline information, hospital organization and screening, personal protective equipment, management and surgical approach, and patient presentation before versus during the pandemic. Results: Of 744 answers, 709 (from 66 countries) were complete and were included in the analysis. Most hospitals were treating both patients with and those without COVID. There was variation in screening indications and modality used, with chest X-ray plus molecular testing (PCR) being the commonest (19\ub78 per cent). Conservative management of complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis was used by 6\ub76 and 2\ub74 per cent respectively before, but 23\ub77 and 5\ub73 per cent, during the pandemic (both P < 0\ub7001). One-third changed their approach from laparoscopic to open surgery owing to the popular (but evidence-lacking) advice from expert groups during the initial phase of the pandemic. No agreement on how to filter surgical smoke plume during laparoscopy was identified. There was an overall reduction in the number of patients admitted with appendicitis and one-third felt that patients who did present had more severe appendicitis than they usually observe. Conclusion: Conservative management of mild appendicitis has been possible during the pandemic. The fact that some surgeons switched to open appendicectomy may reflect the poor guidelines that emanated in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2