Multi-generational House

BUTOROVÁ, H.: Dvougenerační rodinný dům: Bakalářská práce. Ostrava: VŠB-Technická univerzita Ostrava, Fakulta stavební, Katedra architektury 226, 2017, 49 s. Vedoucí práce: Student, A. Předmětem bakalářské práce „Dvougenerační rodinný dům“ je vypracování částečné projektové dokumentace pro provádění stavby podle vyhlášky 499/2006 Sb., o dokumentaci staveb. Jako podklad bakalářské práce slouží architektonická studie vypracovaná v rámci předmětu Ateliérová tvorba I a dokumentace pro stavební povolení vypracovaná v předmětu Ateliérová tvorba Va. Rodinný dvougenerační dům je navržen v lázeňské oblasti Karviná-Darkov. Stavba je složena z části pro mladou rodinu a z části pro starší rodiče. Cílem bylo vytvořit společné zázemí obou rodin, avšak i dostatek soukromí. Koncepce domu je založena na přízemní části staršího páru a na dvoupodlažní části mladé čtyřčlenné rodiny.BUTOROVÁ, H.: Multi-generational House: Bachelor´s thesis. Ostrava: VŠB-Technical university of Ostrava, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Architecture 226, 2017, 49 p. Thesis head: Student, A. The subject of bachelor’s thesis „Multi-generational House‟ is preparation of partial project documentation for construction of a building according to notice 499/2006 Sb., about documentation of buildings. As resource materials serves architectural study worked out from Studio Work I and a documentation for building permit worked out from Studio Work Va. Multi-generational House is projected in the spa area Karviná-Darkov. The building consists of a part for young family and a part for grandparents. The goal was to make a common base for both families, but also to secure enough privacy. The philosophy of the house is based on the ground part for older couple and on the two-floor part for young four-member family.226 - Katedra architekturyvelmi dobř

Amplitude of the SCN Clock Enhanced by the Behavioral Activity Rhythm

<div><p>Circadian rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a small structure at the base of the hypothalamus. While light effects on the SCN are well established, little is known of behavioral effects. This study elucidates direct modulating action of behavioral activity on the SCN by use of <em>in vivo</em> electrophysiology recordings, assessments of general locomotor behavior, and video-tracking of mice. The results show suppression of SCN neuronal activity by spontaneous behavior, the magnitude being dependent on the intensity, duration and type of behavioral activity. The suppression was moderate (32% of circadian amplitude) for low-intensity behavior and considerable (59%) for locomotor activity. Mild manipulation of the animals had reversed effects on the SCN indicating that different mechanisms are involved in the regulatory effect of spontaneous versus induced activity. The results indicate that exercise at the proper time of the cycle can boost the amplitude of the rhythm of the SCN clock itself. This has potentially beneficial effects for other rhythmic functions that are under the control of the SCN.</p> </div

Relationship between type and intensity of behavioral activity and SCN electrical activity.

<p>(<b>a</b>) The SCN electrical activity profile as recorded throughout a full episode of behavioral activity (approximately 45 min). Lower bars represent the type of behavior as scored by video-observation. Behavioral activity as recorded by passive infrared detector is depicted at the bottom of the MUA trace in a graded scale. In this example, the initial behavior leading to a suppression of SCN activity is associated with moving, and is followed by eating which does not induce further suppression but keeps the SCN electrical activity at a reduced level. A further decrease of spike rate is induced when the animal starts locomotor behavior. While the suppression lasts for the full duration of the behavioral activity bout, gradual changes are associated with different types or intensities of behavior, and electrical activity gradually returns to baseline when the animal has ceased its behavioral activity. (<b>b</b>) The magnitude of suppression represented as a function of type of behavioral activity that initiated the suppression. Magnitude of suppression was significantly different between groups (*<i>P</i><0.01, ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test). N-values are given between brackets. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p

Consequence of night- versus day-time activity on SCN rhythm amplitude.

<p>Blue line represents the SCN activity in the absence of behavioral activity; red line represents the SCN activity in the presence of behavioral activity. Both lines are based on results shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039693#pone-0039693-g006" target="_blank">Figure 6</a>. The black lines represent two extreme possibilities: (<b>a</b>) when behavioral activity is concentrated during the night and is absent during the day, the amplitude of the SCN electrical activity is maximal. (<b>b</b>) In contrast, when behavioral activity would occur during the day and rest occurs during the night, the SCN amplitude will be negatively affected and shows a reduced amplitude. Horizontal lines indicate peak and trough SCN activity levels. The LD12∶12 light cycle is indicated above the record (white, lights on; black, lights off).</p

SCN electrical activity in response to mild disturbance of the animal’s rest during the day.

<p>The disturbance was established by making a small movement of the cage, without touching the animal. The timing of disturbance is given by the arrow. The increment of SCN discharge levels is acute, and returned to baseline quickly. In some cases the increment in electrical activity was followed by a suppression in electrical activity when behavioral activity continued (lower graph). It is possible that in these cases, induced activity had changed into motivated activity. Behavioral activity as recorded by passive infrared detector is depicted at the bottom of each MUA trace in a graded scale.</p

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is a Predictor of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Chronically Sleep Deprived Obese Adults

CONTEXT: Sleep abnormalities, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), have been associated with insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between sleep, including OSA, and glucose parameters in a prospectively assembled cohort of chronically sleep-deprived obese subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional evaluation of a prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary Referral Research Clinical Center. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sleep duration and quality assessed by actigraphy, sleep diaries and questionnaires, OSA determined by a portable device; glucose metabolism assessed by oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), and HbA1c concentrations in 96 obese individuals reporting sleeping less than 6.5 h on a regular basis. RESULTS: Sixty % of subjects had an abnormal respiratory disturbance index (RDI≥5) and 44% of these subjects had abnormal oGTT results. Severity of OSA as assessed by RDI score was associated with fasting glucose (R = 0.325, p = 0.001) and fasting insulin levels (ρ = 0.217, p = 0.033). Subjects with moderate to severe OSA (RDI>15) had higher glucose concentrations at 120 min than those without OSA (RDI<5) (p = 0.017). Subjects with OSA also had significantly higher concentrations of plasma ACTH (p = 0.009). Several pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in subjects with OSA (p<0.050). CRP levels were elevated in this sample, suggesting increased cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: OSA is associated with impaired glucose metabolism in obese, sleep deprived individuals. Since sleep apnea is common and frequently undiagnosed, health care providers should be aware of its occurrence and associated risks

Electrical activity simultaneously recorded from two SCN sub-populations.

<p>Action potential thresholds were set off-line in such a way that an average firing frequency of 18 Hz was measured during baseline, in order to obtain approximately equal-sized populations of neurons. Bin size is 0.5 s, and lines in color represent the averaged firing frequency per 10 s. Spikes between excluding thresholds were counted, and revealed that the decreased firing rate during behavioral activity is apparent in some neurons (lower graph), while it is not present in others (upper graph). For comparison, the averaged firing frequencies are plotted in one graph below.</p

SCN electrical activity is suppressed during brief episodes of spontaneous behavioral activity.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Representative example of 48 h recording of SCN multiunit activity (MUA) in LD12∶12. Bin size is 2 s. The grey background indicates lights off. Lower bars represent simultaneous recordings of movement (all-or-nothing modus), as obtained by a passive infrared detector. (<b>b</b>) Expanded plots of SCN electrical activity during episodes of behavioral activity at mid-day as indicated by squared blocks in A. The X-axis shows <i>Zeitgeber Time</i> (hours) and the Y-axis shows SCN firing rate (Hz).</p

Circadian profile of SCN electrical activity in the presence and absence of PIR-recorded behavioral activity.

<p>To visualize the effect of behavioral activity on SCN rhythm amplitude, the passive infrared activity data are integrated in the electrical activity data: whenever passive infrared movement was detected during a 10 s recording bin, the number of SCN spikes counted in that bin is represented by a black dot. Grey dots show multiunit activity data points from bins when no movement was detected. Eye-fitted lines were drawn through grey dots (blue line) and black dots (red line) to illustrate the presence of a circadian rhythm in either profile. The LD12∶12 light cycle is indicated above the record (white, lights on; black, lights off).</p

Time course of suppressions of SCN electrical activity during spontaneous behavioral activity.

<p>The start of behavioral activity is characterized by an acute drop of SCN firing rate. Decreased levels of SCN electrical activity are typically sustained throughout the duration of behavioral activity. Representative examples of different durations are shown. Behavioral activity and associated suppressed levels of SCN electrical activity last for approximately (<b>a</b>) 10 s, (<b>b</b>) 10 min, and (<b>c</b>) 30 min. Behavioral activity as detected by the passive infrared detector is plotted in the lower bar (all-or-nothing modus). Note that the PIR detector does not detect all behavioral activity which became apparent from the video recordings. Suppressions that lasted <1 min were observed in ∼20% of the cases, the occurrence of suppressions of 1–25 min was ∼ 65%, and the occurrence of long suppressions of >25 min was ∼15%. In each figure, the X-axis represents time (scale unit is given by the bar in the figure). Suppressions of all shown examples occurred between <i>Zeitgeber Time</i> (ZT) 3 and ZT10) under LD conditions. The Y-axis shows SCN firing rate (Hz). Bin size is 10 s.</p