ECLAS CONFERENCE GHENT 2018 Landscapes of Conflict

Producción CientíficaThroughout the twentieth century, Friuli Venezia Giulia, the north-eastern region of Italy that borders Austria and Slovenia, played a strategic wartime role. From the Great War to the Cold War, the installation of defensive works including barracks, fortifications and infrastructure distinguished the territory. A significant rationalization in the territory and modification in the organizational structure of the Armed Forces took place from the end of the Cold War, through the EU expansion to the countries located on the north-eastern border of Italy, and up to the Army’s transformation from conscription to voluntary service. The town of Casarsa della Delizia represents a case of important significance due to the presence of the “Trieste” barracks, a settlement of extensive and significant environmental impact, a part of which has not been used for years, becoming over time a landscape-abandonment issue, on which action is needed. The paper focuses on the proposals to recover this former military area as a new integrated part of the city, merging the necessity of saving the past heritage and developing a new landscape vision, bringing together the historical and contemporary ways of living and promoting urban regeneration complex operations.European Joint Doctorate “urbanHIST”. European Union. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 721933

Design study of time-preserving grating monochromators for ultrashort pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-rays

The design of grating-based instruments to handle and condition coherent ultrafast pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet is discussed. The main application of such instruments is the monochromatization of high-order laser harmonics and free-electron-laser pulses in the femtosecond time scale. Broad-band monochromators require the use of diffraction gratings at grazing incidence. A grating can be used for the spectral selection of ultrashort pulses without altering the pulse duration in a significant way, provided that the number of illuminated grooves is equal to the resolution. We discuss here the design conditions to be fulfilled by a grating monochromator that does not increase the pulse duration significantly longer than the Fourier limit

The balance between Notch/Wnt signaling regulates progenitor cells' commitment during liver repair: mystery solved?

During chronic injury a population of bipotent hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) become activated to regenerate both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Here we show in human diseased liver and mouse models of the ductular reaction that Notch and Wnt signaling direct specification of HPCs via their interactions with activated myofibroblasts or macrophages. In particular, we found that during biliary regeneration, expression of Jagged 1 (a Notch ligand) by myofibroblasts promoted Notch signaling in HPCs and thus their biliary specification to cholangiocytes. Alternatively, during hepatocyte regeneration, macrophage engulfment of hepatocyte debris induced Wnt3a expression. This resulted in canonical Wnt signaling in nearby HPCs, thus maintaining expression of Numb (a cell fate determinant) within these cells and the promotion of their specification to hepatocytes. By these two pathways adult parenchymal regeneration during chronic liver injury is promoted. 2012 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Journal of Hepatology 2

Abandoned army barracks in Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) as a potential for new time-shaped community landscapes

Producción CientíficaThe dismantling of the Italian Army Barracks in the Norther-East of Italy in the last 20 years has left a series of wide abandoned areas. In these places, nature has freely operated as a designer, creating new transitional landscapes in the places devoted to protect the Italian borders during the Cold War. We could talk about ‘auto-regenerative’ landscapes. This paper aims to illustrate briefly the process-making of this kind of unconventional landscape over the second half of the XX century in the Region Friuli Venezia Giulia through different scales of intervention that have activated multiple spatial relations over the time. This exceptional infrastructure-based landscape, sized-up by the Italian Army necessities, after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 has been reconfigured and gradually abandoned, becoming almost completely unused from the year 2000. Authors propose a reading of these derelict spaces and formulate possible new scenarios of sustainable regeneration and inclusive reintegration that aspire to promote a kind of open project to return them, as a social pay-back after more than 100 years of militarization, to the Friuli Venezia Giulia communities

Green Belt of Brescia, Lombardy. From Resilience Strategy to Sustainable Planning in Practice.

The paper focuses on the methods on which it is built the planning strategy for the ‘Parco delle Cave’ (Park of Pits) in Brescia (Lombardy, Italy). This research, begun in 2010 thanks to the insights offered by a master\u27s degree thesis, in February 2016 led to the approval of the variation to Plan of Government of the Territory of the City of Brescia. The authors, at the time, respectively, supervisor and author of the thesis ‘Park of Pits, from protest to proposal\u27 have gradually followed the different stages of approach to the proposed variant through a real multidisciplinary action. The argument that the study and promotion of the realities present in the Brescia area would give a sum of positive values such that they would automatically lead to a virtuous model for the creation of a territorial landscape system has proved partly correct and partly not. At the moment, this large area represents a great solution of continuity in the ecological green belt that surrounds Brescia, not allowing the basis for the correct development of a natural habitat hosting biodiversity and blocking the completion of town outskirts greenway. This research indicates in the ‘Parco delle Cave’ (Pits’ Park) as the necessary ring to complete the Brescia green belt that includes the ‘Parco delle Colline di Brescia’ (Brescia Hills Park), the linear park of the River Mella, and a strong vegetal system along the South Brescia highway (proposed also)

The “Vite Maritata” as a Landscape Catalyst. The Grapevine as Part of Edible Greenways

The grapevine on living trellises, or “vite maritata” in Italian, is an ancient grape growing technique that uses, instead of poles, trees as support for the grapevine to climb. Conceived by the Etruscans, it was a common element in the Italian rural landscape until the 1960s. As an agronomic practice, it has been abandoned mainly because of the ceasing of the socioeconomic forces that drove its expansion, summarized by sharecropping. Today, in evaluating the natural ecosystem and environment, we have the theory of ecosystem services as a powerful tool. This theory states that ecosystems impact human well-being. This impact affects four different categories that group the various services provided by ecosystems. These four categories are provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. The grapevine on living trellises provides services in all four categories, with precise services regulating microclimate and supporting wildlife (Bigliardi, 2021). The linear arrangement of the grapevine on living trellises in the urban landscape could function as a helpful green infrastructure for wild species of animals and plants, but of course, also for human beings, contrasting territorial fragmentation and promoting biodiversity. As a greenway, it can be a source of recreational spaces and slow mobility and provide substantial food resources, becoming the protagonist of an edible landscape (Fabris, 2010). The Metropolitan City of Milan possesses already a substratum of dismissed railway yards that, united with the renovation of the Navigli canal system, define a favourable environment for the design of this kind of greenways that can contribute to the “ForestaMI” Reforestation Plan of the Lombard metropolis (Boeri, 2021). Moreover, the “vite maritata” fits well with this situation, being acclimated to the climate of the Po valley

Reintegrating cold war landscapes? The former Trieste Barracks in Casarsa della Delizia

Producción CientíficaThis paper engages with a specific feature of former military landscapes, the Cold War barracks, located in a specific territory, the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region in north-eastern Italy, at the former border between the Western and Eastern blocs. Based on several academic activities, such as an international workshop and didactical experiences, this work focuses on the Trieste Barracks in Casarsa della Delizia (in the province of Pordenone) as a laboratory for new landscape solutions to reintegrate a derelict military site into civil society. The main outputs of the research are: 1) updating the international scientific literature and the relative research gaps in the discourse of Cold War post-military landscapes; and 2) an innovative landscape-oriented approach to a former military landscape founded on locally based long-term solutions in terms of resilience and sustainable development. Our research aims to demonstrate that Cold War landscapes have primarily been neglected in the academic field, but academic work in collaboration with local actors can result in feasible solutions to export to other cases

GREENWAYS IN AN EMERGING CITY CONTEXT: A UTOPIA OR A CHANCE FOR INNOVATION?

Greenways today represent an already diffused practice in great part of the contemporary cities’ planning policies. This constantly growing phenomenon is undoubtedly due to the multiplicity of beneficial effects that they successfully exercise within different urban environments. The present paper aims to explore their potentialities inside a relatively new type of cities’ contexts, namely the emerging ones. Factors like rapid urbanisation and mobility fluxes intensification put under hazardous pressure one of their most vulnerable systems – the green one. That is why its timely reinforcement and integration could play a crucial role in contrasting the negative trends of cities’ ecological asset progressive fragmentation and deterioration. Furthermore, greenways will be examined in a broader perspective, that goes beyond their territorial dimension, conceiving them as important catalysts for cultural and ethical urban evolution

Greenways as a New Potential for Shrinking Cities. The Case of Milan (Italy)

The paper aims to illustrate the transformation of Milan, focusing on its relationship with (urban) greenways. At the beginning of XXI century Milan was deeply converted into a mere service industry centre. The change modified also its territory. Brownfields took place of industries and logistic compounds, places without a use dotting its urban fabric. In the 1970s, visionary architects, planners, and landscape architects started to design a series of parks surrounding the town, creating a green crown fading its outskirts. North Park and South Park together with Boscoincittà (Wood-in-town) created a continuous green curtain setting the basis for a circular greenway. In the 1990s some studies, including the PhD thesis ‘Post-industrial Green’ by one of the authors and the academic research ‘Metro-Bosco’ by Stefano Boeri, demonstrated how Milan, while becoming a shrinking town passing from 2 million to 1.6 million inhabitants, could be transformed in a town where districts could be connected through green corridors. These theories, even if they had good dissemination and were widely published, actually didn’t become real as Milanese Administration imposed an anachronistic policy based on the developing of new neighbourhoods, trying to ‘sprawl’ a city that actually was decreasing. This proposal however bore a series of radiant green corridors starting in the centre of Milan (Raggi Verdi -Green Rays, a project by LAND, 2005). In the second decade of the new Millennium, it was clear that Milan had to accept to decrease, enabling at the same time a way to foster the quality of life for its citizens. In the last five years, the new Administration’s policy encouraged the abandoned areas requalification (actions ‘Re-shaping Milan’ 2015, and ‘Re-shaping Milan’, 2018-ongoing, developed with the Politecnico di Milano), and asked Italian Railways (Trenitalia) to ‘give back’ to the town six unused railways-yards encrusted in the city territory. This request, endorsed also by the common people - asking more and more green spaces and slow mobility in the town-, became real with the visionary plan “Fiume Verde” by Studio Boeri Architetti (Green River, 2016). This proposal designed a net of inner green corridors able to increase deeply the city green surface. In 2018, the first international competition to transform two railway-yards has been launched. One will be a linear park, the other will host the widest Milanese public park). The first concrete milestones for a green-way transformation of Milan

Performance improvements of supermarket R744 systems by pivoting compressor arrangements

The adoption of the EU F-Gas regulation 517/2014 and the development of the Multi Ejector concept have led CO2 to take center stage as one of the preferred solutions in several applications, at the expense of synthetic refrigerants. Despite the expected significant energy saving in warm climates using the Multi Ejector, the increase in investment costs and level of complexity would hinder its spread. In this work a numerical and experimental campaign have been performed to explore the implementation of “pivoting” compressors, i.e. a technique that enables the medium temperature (MT) and parallel (IT) compressors in a booster system to be interchangeable according to cooling loads, ambient conditions and ejector capacity. The novel configuration presented in this work helps to downsize the installed compressor capacity in ejector-supported systems while maintaining all the benefits due to the ejector. The basic version of the solution is based on: i) MT and low temperature (LT) compressors, ii) high pressure controlled through a Multi Ejector both during summer and winter conditions. The tests performed in the laboratory proved how the “pivoting” solution is beneficial to attain a higher degree of flexibility with more compact systems while maintaining the efficiency and justifying economically the ejector implementation. An additional solution called LT “pivoting”, i.e. connecting LT compressors either to MT or IT compressors, proved to be particularly useful for energy saving.Performance improvements of supermarket R744 systems by pivoting compressor arrangementsacceptedVersio