Vertical Restraints Facilitating Horizontal Collusion: ‘Stretching’ Agreements in a Comparative Approach

This article discusses the approaches of the European Union (EU) and of the United States (US) to the notions of agreement and concerted practice applied to horizontal collusive consequences of vertical restraints. It concludes that networks of vertical restraints blur the differences between vertical and horizontal agreements; therefore, both options of attack are available for enforcers in the EU and the US context. If the analysed vertical restraints are adopted in parallel by agreement, they should be deemed illegal as long as they restrict competition producing collusive consequences. In the absence of explicit coordination to adopt the practice, I suggest first looking for a stretched concept of horizontal agreement or a broadly interpreted concept of concerted practice, including unilateral ‘communication’ that intentionally reduces uncertainty. Even when the analysed practices are adopted individually and not by all firms, they can represent a commitment to focal points, observable by market players, thus amounting to communication of intent. If that is not possible, I propose that an analysis of market power, incentives, coercion and induction should guide the finding of an illegal vertical agreement and ground the analysis of the consequences. The agreement/concerted practice path is an appropriate, feasible and coherent way to deal with vertical restraints facilitating horizontal tacit coordination, but that does not exclude alternative effective enforcement mechanisms

The role played by siSwati folktales in building the character of boys : a socio-functionalist approach

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107)This study explored the role played by Siswati folktales in building the character of boys. It included how boys are depicted in folktales and how this depiction influences boys in real life. The study further investigated the correlation between traditional and modern boys and tried to uncover the value of folktales regarding the boys of today. The way boys are portrayed in folktales, their heroism in fighting and conquering monsters, could encourage present-day boys to fight the monsters that they come across daily. Based on the application of the lessons from folktales, the study examined how societal changes affect boys today.African LanguagesM.A. (African Languages

Manipulation in folklore: a perspective in some siSwati folktales

Owing to changes brought by modernisation, folktales and other folklore genres are often looked down upon, and thought by many to be outdated. The aim of this study is to explore manipulative behaviour in Siswati folktales. The study glanced at how manipulation is used in folktales, i.e. the causes and key strategies used by manipulators to manipulate their victims. The focus was on the conformism of manipulation in folktales, to current practice of manipulation in different social institutions, implication of manipulation, and how manipulation could be controlled. The researcher used the qualitative research method to collect and analyse data. To achieve the objectives of the study, data was collected from 28 folktale books that were purposefully selected for the purpose of providing information to answer the research questions. All data collected was analysed using ’Neuman’s (2000) Analytic Approach whereby the Method of Agreement and the Method of Difference was utilised. Data was categorised into different themes teased from the folktales for analysis. Based on the findings of the research, it is evident that manipulation prevails in Siswati folktales. Different characters are being manipulated in different settings using different strategies and tools. The powerful manipulate the less powerful, the intelligent manipulate the less gifted, and the rich manipulate the poor, while the knowledgeable manipulate the ignorant. The research findings relate very well with the current manipulative behaviour practiced by different social institutions and almost every individual and society is affected. Furthermore, the research reveals that manipulation can be curbed if current victims of manipulation decide to expose manipulative acts and join forces to fight the manipulator. In this case, it is recommended that different stakeholders from various departments join forces to fight manipulative tendencies that prevail in different institutions and society as a whole. The present study may revitalize the urge and the need to reconsider the study of folktales, since their themes remain the same.African LanguagesD. Litt. et Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature

Perspectives on the effects of Teenage pregnancy on Learning and teaching in Junior Secondary Schools of the Butterworth Education District

The study is about the effects of teenage pregnancy on learning and teaching in Junior and Senior Secondary Schools of Butterworth District. The researcher’s objective of the study was to determine how pregnancy affects the learner’s performance on learning and teaching in schools. Qualitative paradigm informed the study. The participants were drawn from teenagers; teachers and parents areall from rural schools, around Butterworth Education District through the use of non-probability, purposive and convenient samples. The sample included learners from ages 13-19 who were pregnant and those who were once pregnant while in schools, teachers who taught pregnant learners in their schools and parents who were having pregnant children at schools. A total of fifteen (15) participants were involved in the interview. The data collected was analyzed and interpreted during data collection and thereafter. The findings of the study showed that absenteeism, drop-out, poor academic performance, poverty and unemployment which are the results of pregnancy are some of the contributory factors that affect learning and teaching in schools. Recommendations were made based on the findings of the study. The study concludes by recommending awareness campaign on learner pregnancy

Capitaes e grandeza nacional

FINEPUFRJFUJBIBEPFAPERJME

Curiosity of children characters in siswati folktakes

The aim of this study is to investigate the curiosity of children in Siswati folktales. The study seeks to uncover the occurrence and causes of children’s curiosity in Siswati folktales. Furthermore, the study investigates the relatedness of curiosity of children characters in folktales with curiosity of children in real life. In order to achieve the objectives, the researcher used qualitative research methods to collect data. Data was collected from Siswati folktales using the purposive method Functionalism theory as well as Neuman’s (2000) analytic approach were used to analyze the data collected in Siswati folktales. Reflecting on the findings of the research it was discovered that curiosity still prevails in real-life children even though the setting is different. It is therefore recommended that folktales continue to be taught since they still convey educational lessons to children that might help both parents and children to deal with curiosity of children in different settings.African Language

Investigating the use of the ITIL framework towards IT services delivery at the NMMU

The purpose of this research was to investigate what is involved in IT Service Management and how the NMMU can implement it to improve the quality of IT service support and service delivery. The IT Service Management approach was investigated but the main focus was on the Service Support and Service Delivery in the ITIL framework. Higher Education was analyzed to try and measure the maturity level of the ITIL process implementation to see where Higher Education in South Africa is and to determine the gaps. Findings from the empirical study will be presented and recommendations highlighted to Top management and the IT department in order to promote and improve the quality of the IT service being delivered to users and customers. The data was collected and administered by means of a structured questionnaire based on the ITIL Service Capacity Maturity Model and Rick Leopoldi’s alternative Maturity Assessment method. An Association of South African University Directors of Information Technology (ASAUDIT) questionnaire on Service Management was also used to supplement the questionnaire. It was discovered that the implementation of ITIL in most organizations brought about improvements and benefits in the quality of the IT service being delivered

Is State-State Investment Arbitration an Old Option for Latin America?

International arbitration is a recognized way to resolve economic conflicts. This article asks if state-state investment arbitration (SSIA) is an option for Latin America. It examines the language of investment treaty provisions, cases and arbitral awards involving states, and treaty-making practice in the region. The analysis shows some complementarity between the mechanisms of investor-state arbitration (ISA) and SSIA; sometimes, the latter is the only option. This article concludes that SSIA is neither a backlash nor a more effective mechanism compared to ISA. SSIA constitutes an opportunity for both home and host Latin American states to balance their investment treaty commitments

Arranjos auto-organizados da proteína GinB de Herbaspirilum seropedicae em silício

Orientador: Paulo Cesar de CamargoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciencias Exatas, Curso de Pós-Graduaçao em Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 2005Inclui bibliografi