Aplicación de la Norma UNE 206011 de AENOR, para la generación del Año Solar Representativo, en un emplazamiento en la región de Antofagasta, Chile.

El interés, cada vez mayor, por el aprovechamiento de la radiación solar ha motivado tanto a los gobiernos, en los sectores ligados al medio ambiente y la energía, como a la comunidad científica, a investigar esta fuente prácticamente inagotable de energía y a desarrollar tecnologías para su uso, cada vez más eficientes. De la mano de la eficiencia viene el interés por determinar las cantidades disponibles del recurso solar en puntos específicos del planeta. Esto ha forzado la evolución de los clásicos TMY hacia metodologías mejor adaptadas a los requerimientos de los grandes proyectos termosolares. Es así, como la Asociación Española de Normalización (AENOR) ha visto esta necesidad y la ha transformado en la Norma UNE 206011, que tiene como objetivo final, estandarizar una metodología para generar un Año Solar Representativo (ASR) en un emplazamiento específico.Universidad de Sevilla. Máster Universitario en Sistemas de Energía Térmic

Sistema de semillas del norte neuquino. Informe de avance

En este estudio, forma parte de un proyecto de investigación que tiene como objetivo general contribuir a la preservación de la biodiversidad y fortalecimiento de las organizaciones de productores familiares de la región Patagónica. En este caso, nos situamo en el norte de la provincia de Neuquén y planteamos los siguientes objetivos particulares: conocer las características del sistema de semillas, identificar sus componentes y la interrelación existente entre ellos. La investigación toma como base la recolección de semillas realizada en el año 2003 por el Banco de Germoplasma de INTA La Consulta ubicado en la provincia de Mendoza, donde existen 322 accesiones de 45 donantes del norte neuquino. Para los muestreos del presente trabajo de investigación, se consideró la trayectoria hortícola de los productores y el número de accesiones procedentes de cada uno de ellos. Luego mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a productores e informantes claves, observación participante se reveló la información. Los resultados preliminares permitieron conocer la procedencia de las semillas de los predios familiares analizados e identificar los componentes del sistema de semillas del Norte del Neuquén compuesto por dos subsistemas uno informal y otro formal con aportes y movimientos de materiales genéticos de diferente índole desde y hacia Chile como también el Ato Valle del Río Negro y Mendoza.Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región PatagoniaFil: Navarrete, Lilén. Instituto nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Asociación Universitaria de Educación Agropecuaria Superior (AUDEAS). Consejo Nacional de Decanos de Veterinarias (CONADEV). Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Barrionuevo, Myrian Elisabeth. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Moronta, Néstor Martín. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Patagonia; ArgentinaFil: Mogni, Javier Alejandro. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Agencia de Extensión Rural Chos Malal; ArgentinaFil: Cabrapan, Verónica. Instituto Nacional Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Asociación Universitaria de Educación Agropecuaria Superior (AUDEAS). Consejo Nacional de Decanos de Veterinarias (CONADEV). Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Enfoque teórico del crecimiento físico de niños y adolescentes

According to their genetic potential, biological characteristics and environmental factors, the study of physical growth allows us to understand the variability of this process in humans. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors could affect the normal process of physical growth, which are studied through different types of research, becoming an interesting subject for professionals in the health sciences. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting physical growth and describe the types of research (transverse, longitudinal and ex post facto) used in the study of physical growth. Intrinsic factors, environmental factors and the interaction between them should be studied in diverse population prioritizing the potential factors affecting physical growth of children and adolescents. This will diagnose, classify and monitor physical growth versus time (transverse and longitudinal) and retrospectively (ex post facto). Consequently, the possibility for researchers and/or private and government institutions arises to promote validated anthropometric studies, helping to implement effective health policies for various purposes such as excess weight control in childhood and other disease entities related nutrition.El estudio del crecimiento físico permite comprender la variabilidad de este proceso en el ser humano de acuerdo con su potencial genético, características biológicas y factores ambientales. Factores extrínsecos como intrínsecos, podrían afectar el normal proceso de crecimiento físico, los que son estudiados a través de diferentes tipos de investigaciones, constituyéndose en una interesante temática para los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud. El objetivo del estudio es analizar los factores que afectan el crecimiento físico y describir los tipos de investigación transversal, longitudinal y ex post facto utilizados en el estudio del crecimiento físico. Los factores intrínsecos, medioambientales y la interacción entre ambos, deberían ser abordados en diversas poblaciones, priorizando los posibles factores que afectan al crecimiento físico de niños y adolescentes. Esto permitirá diagnosticar, clasificar y monitorizar el crecimiento físico en función del tiempo (transversal y longitudinal) y retrospectiva (ex post facto); consecuentemente surgirá la posibilidad para que investigadores y/o instituciones privadas y gubernamentales promuevan la realización de estudios antropométricos validados que puedan contribuir a ejercer políticas sanitarias eficaces, para diversos fines como son el exceso de peso en la edad infantil y otras entidades nosológicas relacionadas con la nutrición

Global and local mechanisms sustain axonal proteostasis of transmembrane proteins

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd The control of neuronal protein homeostasis or cursive is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally, assuring accurate and integrated responses to external or intrinsic stimuli. Local or autonomous responses in dendritic and axonal compartments are crucial to sustain function during development, physiology and in response to damage or disease. Axons are responsible for generating and propagating electrical impulses in neurons, and the establishment and maintenance of their molecular composition are subject to extreme constraints exerted by length and size. Proteins that require the secretory pathway, such as receptors, transporters, ion channels or cell adhesion molecules, are fundamental for axonal function, but whether axons regulate their abundance autonomously and how they achieve this is not clear. Evidence supports the role of three complementary mechanisms to maintain proteostasis of these axonal proteins, n

Potential Therapies by Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in CNS Diseases: Focusing on the Neurogenic Niche

Neurodegenerative disorders are one of the leading causes of death and disability and one of the biggest burdens on health care systems. Novel approaches using various types of stem cells have been proposed to treat common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, or stroke. Moreover, as the secretome of these cells appears to be of greater benefit compared to the cells themselves, the extracellular components responsible for its therapeutic benefit have been explored. Stem cells, as well as most cells, release extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, which are nanovesicles able to target specific cell types and thus to modify their function by delivering proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Exosomes have recently been tested in vivo and in vitro as therapeutic conveyors for the treatment of diseases. As such, they could be engineered to target specific populations of cells within the CNS. Considering the fact that many degenerative brain diseases have an impact on adult neurogenesis, we discuss how the modulation of the adult neurogenic niches may be a therapeutic target of stem cell-derived exosomes. These novel approaches should be examined in cellular and animal models to provide better, more effective, and specific therapeutic tools in the future

The axonal endoplasmic reticulum: one organelle many functions in development, maintenance, and plasticity

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is highly conserved in eukaryotes and neurons. Indeed, the localization of the organelle in axons has been known for nearly half a century. However, the relevance of the axonal ER is only beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss the structure of the ER in axons, examining the role of ER-shaping proteins and highlighting reticulons. We analyze the multiple functions of the ER and their potential contribution to axonal physiology. First, we examine the emerging roles of the axonal ER in lipid synthesis, protein translation, processing, quality control, and secretory trafficking of transmembrane proteins. We also review the impact of the ER on calcium dynamics, focusing on intracellular mechanisms and functions. We describe the interactions between the ER and endosomes, mitochondria, and synaptic vesicles. Finally, we analyze available proteomic data of axonal preparations to reveal the dynamic functionality of the ER in axons during development. We suggest that the dynamic proteome and a validated axonal interactome, together with state-of-the-art methodologies, may provide interesting research avenues in axon physiology that may extend to pathology and regeneration.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT) 1170307 3170887 3160725 Iniciativa Cientifica Milenio (ICM) P09-015-

MIRNAS in Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes as Possible Mediators of Neuronal Plasticity

Astrocytes use gliotransmitters to modulate neuronal function and plasticity. However, the role of small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, in astrocyte-to-neuron signaling is mostly unknown. Exosomes originate in multivesicular bodies of parent cells and are secreted by fusion of the multivesicular body limiting membrane with the plasma membrane. Their molecular cargo, consisting of RNA species, proteins, and lipids, is in part cell type and cell state specific. Among the RNA species transported by exosomes, microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to modify gene expression in recipient cells. Several miRNAs present in astrocytes are regulated under pathological conditions, and this may have far-reaching consequences if they are loaded in exosomes. We propose that astrocyte-derived miRNA-loaded exosomes, such as miR-26a, are dysregulated in several central nervous system diseases; thus potentially controlling neuronal morphology and synaptic transmission through validated and predicted targets. Unraveling the contribution of this new signaling mechanism to the maintenance and plasticity of neuronal networks will impact our understanding on the physiology and pathophysiology of the central nervous system

Astrocytes at the hub of the stress response: potential modulation of neurogenesis by miRNAs in astrocyte derived exosomes

Repetitive stress negatively affects several brain functions and neuronal networks. Moreover, adult neurogenesis is consistently impaired in chronic stress models and in associated human diseases such as unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, while it is restored by effective antidepressant treatments. The adult neurogenic niche contains neural progenitor cells in addition to amplifying progenitors, neuroblasts, immature and mature neurons, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglial cells. Because of their particular and crucial position, with their end feet enwrapping endothelial cells and their close communication with the cells of the niche, astrocytes might constitute a nodal point to bridge or transduce systemic stress signals from peripheral blood, such as glucocorticoids, to the cells involved in the neurogenic process. It has been proposed that communication between astrocytes and niche cells depends on direct cell-cell contacts and soluble mediators. In addition, new evidence suggests that this communication might be mediated by extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, and in particular, by their miRNA cargo. Here, we address some of the latest findings regarding the impact of stress in the biology of the neurogenic niche, and postulate how astrocytic exosomes (and miRNAs) may play a fundamental role in such phenomenon.CONICYT (FONDECYT Program) 3170887 1140108 1141015 Universidad de los Andes Fondo de Ayuda a la Investigacio

Theoretical approach of physical growth of children and adolescents

El estudio del crecimiento físico permite comprender la variabilidad de este proceso en el ser humano de acuerdo con su potencial genético, características biológicas y factores ambientales. Factores extrínsecos como intrínsecos, podrían afectar el normal proceso de crecimiento físico, los que son estudiados a través de diferentes tipos de investigaciones, constituyéndose en una interesante temática para los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud. El objetivo del estudio es analizar los factores que afectan el crecimiento físico y describir los tipos de investigación transversal, longitudinal y ex post facto utilizados en el estudio del crecimiento físico. Los factores intrínsecos, medioambientales y la interacción entre ambos, deberían ser abordados en diversas poblaciones, priorizando los posibles factores que afectan al crecimiento físico de niños y adolescentes. Esto permitirá diagnosticar, clasificar y monitorizar el crecimiento físico en función del tiempo (transversal y longitudinal) y retrospectiva (ex post facto); consecuentemente surgirá la posibilidad para que investigadores y/o instituciones privadas y gubernamentales promuevan la realización de estudios antropométricos validados que puedan contribuir a ejercer políticas sanitarias eficaces, para diversos fines como son el exceso de peso en la edad infantil y otras entidades nosológicas relacionadas con la nutrición203244253According to their genetic potential, biological characteristics and environmental factors, the study of physical growth allows us to understand the variability of this process in humans. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors could affect the normal process of physical growth, which are studied through different types of research, becoming an interesting subject for professionals in the health sciences. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors affecting physical growth and describe the types of research (transverse, longitudinal and ex post facto) used in the study of physical growth. Intrinsic factors, environmental factors and the interaction between them should be studied in diverse population prioritizing the potential factors affecting physical growth of children and adolescents. This will diagnose, classify and monitor physical growth versus time (transverse and longitudinal) and retrospectively (ex post facto). Consequently, the possibility for researchers and/or private and government institutions arises to promote validated anthropometric studies, helping to implement effective health policies for various purposes such as excess weight control in childhood and other disease entities related nutritio

Hand grip strength and maximum peak expiratory flow: determinants of bone mineral density of adolescent students

Abstract Background Maintaining and building healthy bones during the lifetime requires a complicated interaction between a number of physiological and lifestyle factors. Our goal of this study was to analyze the association between hand grip strength and the maximum peak expiratory flow with bone mineral density and content in adolescent students. Methods The research team studied 1427 adolescent students of both sexes (750 males and 677 females) between the ages of 11.0 and 18.9 years in the Maule Region of Talca (Chile). Weight, standing height, sitting height, hand grip strength (HGS), and maximum peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured. Furthermore, bone mineral density (BMD) and total body bone mineral content (BMC) were determined by using the Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Hand grip strength and PEF were categorized in tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest). Linear regression was performed in steps to analyze the relationship between the variables. Differences between categories were determined through ANOVA. Results In males, the hand grip strength explained 18–19% of the BMD and 20–23% of the BMC. For the females, the percentage of variation occurred between 12 and 13% of the BMD and 17–18% of the BMC. The variation of PEF for the males was observed as 33% of the BMD and 36% of the BMC. For the females, both the BMD and BMC showed a variation of 19%. The HGS and PEF were divided into three categories (lowest, middle, and highest). In both cases, significant differences occurred in bone density health between the three categories. Conclusions In conclusion, the HGS and the PEF related positively to the bone density health of both sexes of adolescent students. The adolescents with poor values for hand grip strength and expiratory flow showed reduced values of BMD and BMC for the total body. Furthermore, the PEF had a greater influence on bone density health with respect to the HGS of the adolescents of both sexes