Incidence of Smoking-Related Second Primary Cancers After Lung Cancer in Germany: An Analysis of Nationwide Cancer Registry Data

Introduction Approximately 80% of lung cancer cases in Germany are attributable to smoking. Patients with a lung cancer diagnosis may remain at increased risk of developing smoking-related second primary cancers (SPCs). Methods Anonymous data from 11 population-based cancer registries covering approximately 50% of the German population were pooled for the analysis. Included patients were diagnosed with having an index lung cancer between 2002 and 2013, aged 30 to 99 years old at diagnosis, and survived for at least 6 months. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs)—stratified by age, sex, region, and period—comparing the incidence of smoking-related and other SPCs to the general population. Results Of the 135,589 lung cancer survivors (68.2% male; mean follow-up 30.8 mo) analyzed, 5298 developed an SPC. In males, the risk was particularly high for SPCs of the larynx (SIR = 3.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.14–4.34), pharynx (3.17, 2.61–3.81), and oral cavity (2.86, 2.38–3.41). For females, SIRs were notably elevated for the esophagus (4.66, 3.15–6.66), oral cavity (3.14, 2.03–4.63), and urinary tract (2.68, 2.04–3.45). When combining all smoking-related cancer sites, SIR was 1.41 in males (95% CI: 1.36–1.47) and 1.81 in females (95% CI: 1.68–1.94). We observed that males had a 1.46-fold (95% CI: 1.37–1.56) and females a 1.33-fold (95% CI: 1.20–1.47) increased risk for smoking-related compared with other cancers. Conclusions Patients with primary lung cancer were at increased risk for developing a smoking-related SPC. Therefore, the advantages of increased patient surveillance and the benefits of smoking cessation strategies should be considered.Peer Reviewe

Trends in the incidence of AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining cancers in people living with AIDS: a population-based study from Sao Paulo, Brazil

People living with AIDS are at increased risk of developing certain cancers. Since the introduction of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) has decreased in high-income countries. The objective of this study was to analyse trends in ADCs and non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in HIV-positive people with a diagnosis of AIDS, in comparison to the general population, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. A probabilistic record linkage between the 'Population-based Cancer Registry of Sao Paulo' and the AIDS notification database (SINAN) was conducted. Cancer trends were assessed by annual per cent change (APC). In people with AIDS, 2074 cancers were diagnosed. Among men with AIDS, the most frequent cancer was Kaposi's sarcoma (469;31.1%), followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL;304;20.1%). A decline was seen for ADCs (APC = -14.1%). All NADCs have increased (APC = -7.4%/year) significantly since the mid-2000s driven by the significant upward trends of anal (APC = -24.6%/year) and lung cancers (APC = -15.9%/year). In contrast, in men from the general population, decreasing trends were observed for these cancers. For women with AIDS, the most frequent cancer was cervical (114;20.2%), followed by NHL (96;17.0%). Significant declining trends were seen for both ADCs (APC = -15.6%/ year) and all NADCs (APC = -15.8%/ year), a comparable pattern to that found for the general female population. Trends in cancers among people with AIDS in Sao Paulo showed similar patterns to those found in developed countries. Although ADCs have significantly decreased, probably due to the introduction of HAART, NADCs in men have shown an opposite upward trend

The HDAC inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) inhibits mesothelioma and lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo with particular efficacy for small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Current therapies are inadequate. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a recently developed class of anticancer agents that cause increased acetylation of core histones and nonhistone proteins leading to modulation of gene expression and protein activityin - volved in cancer cell growth and survival pathways. We examined the efficacyof the HDACi panobinostat (LBH589) in a wide range of lung cancers and mesotheliomas. Panobinostat was cytotoxic in almost all 37 cancer cell lines tested. IC50 and LD50 values were in the low nmol/L range (4–470 nmol/L; median, 20 nmol/L). Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines were among the most sensitive lines, with LD50 values consistently <25 nmol/L. In lung cancer and mesothelioma animal models, panobinostat significantlyde creased tumor growth byan average of 62% when compared with vehicle control. Panobinostat was equallye ffective in immunocompetent and severe combined immunodeficiencymic e, indicating that the inhibition of tumor growth by panobinostat was not due to direct immunologic effects.Panobinostat was, however, particularlyeffective in SCLC xenografts, and the addition of the chemotherapyag ent etoposide augmented antitumor effects. Protein analysis of treated tumor biopsies revealed elevated amounts of cell cycle regulators such as p21 and proapoptosis factors, such as caspase 3 and 7 and cleaved poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase, coupled with decreased levels of antiapoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. These studies together suggest that panobinostat maybe a useful adjunct in the treatment of thoracic malignancies, especiallySCLC

Adolescence, sexual life and reproductive planning of adolescents of Serra Pelada, Pará

The life conditions in which an adolescent develops determine his choices and influence his sexual life. The present study aimed to characterize the daily activities and sexual life of 108 adolescents aged between 11 and 15 years, living in Serra Pelada, a municipality of Curionópolis, state of Pará, through a quantitative and qualitative data analysis, distinguishing them according to gender. Results showed the strong presence of gender relations in some cases. Some relation was found between religion and sexual life only in the female sex: 58.5% of them followed some religion and 66.7% had not initiated sexual life at the age of 12 or below. When the adolescents were asked whether they had sexual intercourse with their boyfriends or girlfriends, 93.6% of the girls answered they did not, while 59.6% of the boys answered the same, showing that the girls avoid more the sexual intercourse. The great majority of the girls stated they used a contraceptive method in the first intercourse, while more than 50% of the boys said the opposite. This difference reveals that the responsibility for contraception is deemed as belonging to the female sex. Approximately 70% of the girls state they intend to marry the person with whom they are currently having sexual intercourse, while 60% of the boys say the opposite, which shows that the girls are more afraid to have children early, and more open to commitments.As condições de vida em que um adolescente se desenvolve determinam suas escolhas e influenciam sua vida sexual. O presente estudo visou caracterizar o cotidiano e vida sexual de 108 adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos de idade, residentes em Serra Pelada, município de Curionópolis, PA, através de análise quantitativa e qualitativa de dados, diferenciando-os quanto ao gênero. Os resultados mostraram a forte presença das relações de gênero em alguns casos. Foi encontrada alguma relação entre religião e vida sexual somente no sexo feminino, em que se observa que 58,5% delas eram adeptas a alguma religião e 66,7 % não haviam iniciado a vida sexual aos 12 anos ou menos. Quando questionados se mantinham, ou não, relações sexuais enquanto namoravam, 93,6% das meninas afirmaram que não, enquanto 59,6% dos meninos disseram o mesmo, mostrando que as meninas evitam mais a relação sexual. A grande maioria das meninas afirmou ter feito uso de método para evitar filho na primeira relação, enquanto mais de 50% dos meninos afirmaram o contrário. Essa diferença reflete que a responsabilidade da contracepção é julgada como pertencente ao sexo feminino. Cerca de 70% das meninas afirmam ter a intenção de se casar com a pessoa com quem tem relação sexual atualmente, enquanto 60% dos meninos afirmam o contrário, o que mostra que as meninas se mostram mais receosas quanto a ter filho cedo, em relação aos garotos, e mostram-se mais abertas ao compromisso

Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV.

BACKGROUND: HIV enhances human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced carcinogenesis. However, the contribution of HIV to cervical cancer burden at a population level has not been quantified. We aimed to investigate cervical cancer risk among women living with HIV and to estimate the global cervical cancer burden associated with HIV. METHODS: We did a systematic literature search and meta-analysis of five databases (PubMed, Embase, Global Health [CABI.org], Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus) to identify studies analysing the association between HIV infection and cervical cancer. We estimated the pooled risk of cervical cancer among women living with HIV across four continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America). The risk ratio (RR) was combined with country-specific UNAIDS estimates of HIV prevalence and GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cervical cancer to calculate the proportion of women living with HIV among women with cervical cancer and population attributable fractions and age-standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) of HIV-attributable cervical cancer. FINDINGS: 24 studies met our inclusion criteria, which included 236 127 women living with HIV. The pooled risk of cervical cancer was increased in women living with HIV (RR 6·07, 95% CI 4·40-8·37). Globally, 5·8% (95% CI 4·6-7·3) of new cervical cancer cases in 2018 (33 000 new cases, 95% CI 26 000-42 000) were diagnosed in women living with HIV and 4·9% (95% CI 3·6-6·4) were attributable to HIV infection (28 000 new cases, 20 000-36 000). The most affected regions were southern Africa and eastern Africa. In southern Africa, 63·8% (95% CI 58·9-68·1) of women with cervical cancer (9200 new cases, 95% CI 8500-9800) were living with HIV, as were 27·4% (23·7-31·7) of women in eastern Africa (14 000 new cases, 12 000-17 000). ASIRs of HIV-attributable cervical cancer were more than 20 per 100 000 in six countries, all in southern Africa and eastern Africa. INTERPRETATION: Women living with HIV have a significantly increased risk of cervical cancer. HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening for women living with HIV are especially important for countries in southern Africa and eastern Africa, where a substantial HIV-attributable cervical cancer burden has added to the existing cervical cancer burden. FUNDING: WHO, US Agency for International Development, and US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M&gt;70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0&lt;e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM