Chih-k'o and Sung Clique strifes

In the chih-k'o or government service examination under Sung, which was held in the 3rd year of Hsi-ning (1070 A.D.), K'ung Wen-chung, who belonged to the opposition clique, severely criticised Wang An-shih's policy. Thereupon, Wang An-shih advised Emperor Shen-tsung to reject K'ung Wen-chung as well as to abolish the chih-k'o itself. Meanwhile, Wang An-shih resigned as Prime Minister, and Lu Hui-ch'ing, one of his faithful followers, was appointed to succeed him. In spite of strong protest on the part of the opposition clique Lu was successful to abolish the chih-k'o system in 1074, A.D. When Emperor Cheh-tsung acceded to the throne in 1086, the Yuan-yu clique defeated the Hsi-ning clique, and the chih-k'o system was restored in the following year. Seven years later, when Emperor Cheh-tsung began to favour the Chih-ning clique, he agreed to abolish the chih-k'o system again in response to the request of Chang Tun. As seen in the above, the vicissitudes of the chih-k'o system are closely related with those of the political cliques

Registered report: IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a block to cell differentiation

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered Report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from “IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a block to cell differentiation” by Lu and colleagues, published in Nature in 2012 (Lu et al., 2012). The experiments that will be replicated are those reported in Figures 1B, 2A, 2B, 2D and 4D. Lu and colleagues demonstrated that expression of mutant forms of IDH1 or IDH2 caused global increases in histone methylation and increased levels of 2 hydroxyglutarate (Figure 1B). This was correlated with a block in differentiation (Figures 2A, B and D). This effect appeared to be mediated by the histone demethylase KDM4C (Figure 4D). The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Scienceand Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10860.00

The Impact of poor glycaemic control on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.

To determine the impact of poor glycaemic control on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among men with type 2 Diabetics aged 27 to 85 years.The databases Embase classic+Embase, Global health, Ovid Medline and PsychINFO, were searched for relevant studies in June 2014 using the keywords: (Diabetes Mellitus OR diabetes mellitus type2 OR DM2 OR T2DM OR insulin resistance) AND (erectile dysfunction OR sexual dysfunction OR impotence) AND glycaemic control.All study settings were considered (primary care, secondary care and tertiary care setting).Type 2 Diabetic Patients with erectile dysfunction.Included studies must include one of the following outcomes: (1) HBA1c for assess the level of glycaemic control; (2) Erectile dysfunction (any stage: IIEF-5 = 21 or less).Five cross-sectional studies involving 3299 patients were included. The findings pointed to a positive association between erectile dysfunction and glycaemic control. Three studies showed a significant positive association, while one study showed only a weak correlation and one study showed borderline significance. Patients age, diabetes mellitus duration, peripheral neuropathy and body mass index had positive association with erectile dysfunction. However, smoking and hypertension were not associated with erectile dysfunction in most included studies. Physical activity had a protective effect against erectile dysfunction.We may conclude that the risk of erectile dysfunction is higher in type 2 diabetic men with poor glycaemic control than those with good control

Хто такий Салур Казан?

In this article, the period of the facts and persons of Dede Korkut’s book was researched. It was resulted that the facts and persons in the book were lived in the Turgish period and Salur Kazan was Su-lu Kagan. According to the Chineese sources, Su-lu Kagan has not divided up the loot and, in the same way, Salur Kazan also has not divided up the loot.Bu makalede Dede Korkut boylarında geçen olay ve şahısların zamanı araştırılmıştır. Salur Kazan ve arkadaşlarının yer aldığı boylardaki şahıs ve olayların Türgişler dцneminde olduğu sonucuna varılmış ve Türgiş hükümdarı Su-lu Kağan ile Salur Kazan’ın aynı şahsiyet olduğu üzerinde durulmuştur. Çin kaynakları nda bulunan Su-lu Kağan’ın ganimeti dağıtmaması üzerine çıkan olaylar ile Dede Korkut Kitabı’nın 12. boyunda yer alan Salur Kazan’ın ganimeti dağıtmaması arasındaki benzerliğe dikkat çekilmiştir

PLGA Nanoparticles for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Novel Approach towards Reduction of Renal Radiation Dose

BACKGROUND:Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), employed for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is based on over-expression of Somatostatin Receptors (SSTRs) on NETs. It is, however, limited by high uptake and retention of radiolabeled peptide in kidneys resulting in unnecessary radiation exposure thus causing nephrotoxicity. Employing a nanocarrier to deliver PRRT drugs specifically to the tumor can reduce the associated nephrotoxicity. Based on this, (177)Lu-DOTATATE loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) were formulated in the present study, as a potential therapeutic model for NETs. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS:DOTATATE was labeled with Lutetium-177 ((177)Lu) (labeling efficiency 98%; R(f)∼0.8). Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) coated (177)Lu-DOTATATE-PLGA NPs (50:50 and 75:25) formulated, were spherical with mean size of 304.5±80.8 and 733.4±101.3 nm (uncoated) and 303.8±67.2 and 494.3±71.8 nm (coated) for PLGA(50:50) and PLGA(75:25) respectively. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) and In-vitro release kinetics for uncoated and coated NPs of PLGA (50:50 & 75:25) were assessed and compared. Mean EE was 77.375±4.98% & 67.885±5.12% (uncoated) and 65.385±5.67% & 58.495±5.35% (coated). NPs showed initial burst release between 16.64-21.65% with total 42.83-44.79% over 21 days. The release increased with coating to 20.4-23.95% initially and 60.97-69.12% over 21 days. In-vivo studies were done in rats injected with (177)Lu-DOTATATE and (177)Lu-DOTATATE-NP (uncoated and PEG-coated) by imaging and organ counting after sacrificing rats at different time points over 24 hr post-injection. With (177)Lu-DOTATATE, renal uptake of 37.89±10.2%ID/g was observed, which reduced to 4.6±1.97% and 5.27±1.66%ID/g with uncoated and coated (177)Lu-DOTATATE-NP. The high liver uptake with uncoated (177)Lu-DOTATATE-NP (13.68±3.08% ID/g), reduced to 7.20±2.04%ID/g (p = 0.02) with PEG coating. CONCLUSION:PLGA NPs were easily formulated and modified for desired release properties. PLGA 50:50 NPs were a more suitable delivery vehicle for (177)Lu-DOTATATE than PLGA 75:25 because of higher EE and slower release rate. Reduced renal retention of (177)Lu-DOTATATE and reduced opsonisation strongly advocate the potential of (177)Lu-DOTATATE-PLGA-PEG NPs to reduce radiation dose in PRRT

Electron multiplier development /phase 1/

Fabrication of aluminum oxide thin film window for capillary type photomultiplier tube