Poemas de Mina Loy

Tradução de: Virna Teixeira

"Looking all lost towards a Cook's guide for beauty”: the art of literature and the lessons of the guidebook in modernist writing

This article explores the impact of the guidebook, especially the Baedeker series, on modernist literary culture. It argues that the guidebook is a literary phenomenon in its own right and that, as such, it attracts special attention from those engaged in defending and/or extending the category of literature as part of a modernist agenda. In particular, modernist writers are concerned as to whether the guidebook counts as a form of literature and, if so, what this means for the more familiar forms seen in their own essays, fiction and travelogues. What might the invention of the star system to rank scenes and monuments mean for the future of art criticism? How might the guidebook help or hinder the traveller in his/her pursuit of the beautiful or the picturesque? What does recourse to the guidebook reveal about the taste and education of the traveller? And, more pointedly still, what kind and quality of writing is the guidebook itself? This article surveys the extent of modernism's interest in the guidebook, both as a noteworthy new form and as a form modernist writers adapted for use in their own books, before turning in detail to commentary on the guidebook by E.M. Forster, Ernest Hemingway, H.D. and Virginia Woolf. In conclusion, it finds that the guidebook in modernism is very rarely just that. Instead, the guidebook finds unexpected affinities with modernism in its attempt to “modernise” literature – to make it more rational, more totalising and, in the eyes of its critics, less able to discriminate.This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Studies in Travel Writing on 4th March 2015, available online: http://wwww.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13645145.2014.994924

Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Zunt JR, Kassebaum NJ, Blake N, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurology. 2018;17(12):1061-1082.Background Acute meningitis has a high case-fatality rate and survivors can have severe lifelong disability. We aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of global meningitis burden that could help to guide introduction, continuation, and ongoing development of vaccines and treatment programmes. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) 2016 study estimated meningitis burden due to one of four types of cause: pneumococcal, meningococcal, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and a residual category of other causes. Cause-specific mortality estimates were generated via cause of death ensemble modelling of vital registration and verbal autopsy data that were subject to standardised data processing algorithms. Deaths were multiplied by the GBD standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost, the mortality component of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A systematic analysis of relevant publications and hospital and daims data was used to estimate meningitis incidence via a Bayesian meta-regression tool. Meningitis deaths and cases were split between causes with meta-regressions of aetiological proportions of mortality and incidence, respectively. Probabilities of long-term impairment by cause of meningitis were applied to survivors and used to estimate years of life lived with disability (YLDs). We assessed the relationship between burden metrics and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite measure of development based on fertility, income, and education. Findings Global meningitis deaths decreased by 21.0% from 1990 to 2016, from 403 012 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 319426-458 514) to 318 400 (265 218-408 705). Incident cases globally increased from 2.50 million (95% UI 2.19-2.91) in 1990 to 2.82 million (2.46-3.31) in 2016. Meningitis mortality and incidence were dosely related to SDI. The highest mortality rates and incidence rates were found in the peri-Sahelian countries that comprise the African meningitis belt, with six of the ten countries with the largest number of cases and deaths being located within this region. Haemophilus influenzae type b was the most common cause of incident meningitis in 1990, at 780 070 cases (95% UI 613 585-978 219) globally, but decreased the most (-494%) to become the least common cause in 2016, with 397 297 cases (291076-533 662). Meningococcus was the leading cause of meningitis mortality in 1990 (192833 deaths [95% UI 153 358-221 503] globally), whereas other meningitis was the leading cause for both deaths (136 423 [112 682-178 022]) and incident cases (1.25 million [1.06-1.49]) in 2016. Pneumococcus caused the largest number of YLDs (634458 [444 787-839 749]) in 2016, owing to its more severe long-term effects on survivors. Globally in 2016, 1.48 million (1.04-1.96) YLDs were due to meningitis compared with 21.87 million (18.20-28.28) DALYs, indicating that the contribution of mortality to meningitis burden is far greater than the contribution of disabling outcomes. Interpretation Meningitis burden remains high and progress lags substantially behind that of other vaccine-preventable diseases. Particular attention should be given to developing vaccines with broader coverage against the causes of meningitis, making these vaccines affordable in the most affected countries, improving vaccine uptake, improving access to low-cost diagnostics and therapeutics, and improving support for disabled survivors. Substantial uncertainty remains around pathogenic causes and risk factors for meningitis. Ongoing, active cause-specific surveillance of meningitis is crucial to continue and to improve monitoring of meningitis burdens and trends throughout the world. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Introduction

Introduction to Insel by Mins Loy, edited by Elizabeth Arnold

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Mina Loy's quote above describes exactly the manner of thinking which Modernist writers like Djuna Barnes attempt to change through their work. In her novel Nightwood, Barnes calls for readers to look beyond the traditional frames of normalcy for beauty and ability. Through the examination of marginalized groups, specifically transgender individuals, this paper will analyze how Nightwood is a defiant response to the industrialization of gender and normalcy. Barnes's greatest tool is her androgynous Tiresian figure, Dr. Matthew O'Connor, who dually demonstrates the destruction that sexually ambiguous individuals endure as a result of society's patriarchal and capitalist ideals and the powers that transgender and otherwise "abnormal" groups hold. Barnes displays unusual characters of the underground in a gritty world full of melancholy as an unapologetic declaration that the marginalized do exist. As Jane Marcus describes, Djuna Barnes brings "all the wandering Jews, blacks, lesbians, outsiders, and transvestites together in a narrative that mothers the Other" (94). Leslie Feinberg takes a closer look at the reasons behind societal oppression of marginalized groups in her book Transgender Warriors, which follows Feinberg's endeavours to trace the history of transgender individuals and to find the beginning of their oppression. As a transgender lesbian, Feinberg's personal accounts provide concrete evidence of the rigid institutionalization of gender, such as a 1960s Buffalo law dictating that women must wear at least three pieces of "women's clothing," and vice versa for men. Refusal to do so was cause for arrest (8). Not surprisingly, Feinberg wished to question the purpose of the institutionalization of gender (as well as of race, religion, and sexuality) and came to the realization that it is a strategic design, caused primarily by capitalism, "to keep us battling each other, instead of fighting together to win real change" (11). Similarly, Djuna Barnes also questions society's gender barriers and inquires why we are startled to see, for example, a man in a dress. The dress has long been worn by all, including "infants, angels, priests, the dead" (Barnes 86), so why do we reject the idea so vehemently? The history of androgyny is long, and, in actuality, cross-dressers, and people of androgynous gender were not always so negatively judged. Two-Spirits, individuals present in many First Nations populations who do not assume a specific gender and exhibit both masculine and feminine traits, Reimann 1 are held in very high regard. In the past, Two-Spirits were sought out for important advice, much like shamans, and held positions of honour within tribes (Feinberg 23). Similarly, Joan of Arc dressed in men's attire and fought as a warrior, which was strictly a man's post, and was "worshipped like a deity by the peasantry" (36), although she was abhorred by the Church. It is evident, then, that while transgender individuals have demonstrated positions of great power in the past, society's attitude toward difference has changed over time. Feinberg argues that the reason for this shift is that in the past "people worked cooperatively with collectively owned tools and other materials" (122). She insists that "eliminating the race for profits from manufacture and exchange," is what is needed to remove "the motives for pitting people against each other" (122)

Late modernism: politics, fiction, and the arts between the world wars

Tyrus Miller breaks new ground in this study of early twentieth-century literary and artistic culture. Whereas modernism studies have generally concentrated on the vital early phases of the modernist revolt, Miller focuses on the turbulent later years of the 1920s and 1930s, tracking the dissolution of modernism in the interwar years.In the post-World War I reconstruction and the worldwide crisis that followed, Miller argues, new technological media and the social forces of mass politics opened fault lines in individual and collective experience, undermining the cultural bases of the modernist movement. He shows how late modernists attempted to discover ways of occupying this new and often dangerous cultural space. In doing so they laid bare the ruin of the modernist aesthetic at the same time as they transcended its limits.In his wide-ranging theoretical and historical discussion, Miller relates developments in literary culture to tendencies in the visual arts, cultural and political criticism, mass culture, and social history. He excavates Wyndham Lewis's hidden borrowings from Al Jolson's The Jazz Singer ; situates Djuna Barnes between the imagery of haute couture and the intellectualism of Duchamp; uncovers Beckett's affinities with Giacometti's surrealist sculptures and the Bolshevik clowns Bim-Bom; and considers Mina Loy as both visionary writer and designer of decorative lampshades. Miller's lively and engaging readings of culture in this turbulent period reveal its surprising anticipation of our own postmodernity