Hereditary Transmission of Yellow-Fever Parasite in the Mosquito.

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Propositionalism without propositions, objectualism without objects

Propositionalism is the view that all intentional states are propositional states, which are states with a propositional content, while objectualism is the view that at least some intentional states are objectual states, which are states with objectual contents, such as objects, properties, and kinds. This paper argues that there are two distinct ways of understanding propositionalism and objectualism: (1) as views about the deep nature of the contents of intentional states, and (2) as views about the superficial character of the contents of intentional states. I argue that we should understand the views in the second way. I also argue that the propositionalism debate is fairly independent from debates over the deep nature of intentionality, and that this has implications for arguments for propositionalism and objectualism from claims about the nature of intentional content. I close with a short discussion of how related points apply to the debate over singular content

Ecological Effects of Fear: How Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in Predation Risk Influences Mule Deer Access to Forage in a Sky‐Island System

Forage availability and predation risk interact to affect habitat use of ungulates across many biomes. Within sky‐island habitats of the Mojave Desert, increased availability of diverse forage and cover may provide ungulates with unique opportunities to extend nutrient uptake and/or to mitigate predation risk. We addressed whether habitat use and foraging patterns of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) responded to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), NDVI rate of change (green‐up), or the occurrence of cougars (Puma concolor). Female mule deer used available green‐up primarily in spring, although growing vegetation was available during other seasons. Mule deer and cougar shared similar habitat all year, and our models indicated cougars had a consistent, negative effect on mule deer access to growing vegetation, particularly in summer when cougar occurrence became concentrated at higher elevations. A seemingly late parturition date coincided with diminishing NDVI during the lactation period. Sky‐island populations, rarely studied, provide the opportunity to determine how mule deer respond to growing foliage along steep elevation and vegetation gradients when trapped with their predators and seasonally limited by aridity. Our findings indicate that fear of predation may restrict access to the forage resources found in sky islands

Electric Field Mapping System With Nanosecond Temporal Rosolution

The electric field dependence of the absorption coefficient in semi‐insulating GaAs at the absorption edge was measured in a high‐voltage pulsed experiment. Pulse duration was kept below 50 ns in order to avoid thermal effects. A GaAs laser diode was used as a probe light source with wavelength varied from 902 to 911 nm. For fields up to 40 kV/cm the absorption coefficient increased from 3 to 17 cm−1 at 902 nm, with smaller absolute increases evident at the longer wavelengths. Calculation from theory was consistent with this behavior. The spatial variation of the electric field was also recorded with a CCD camera. This method was used as a diagnostic technique to study the field distribution during the switching cycle of a high‐power photoconductive switch. The described system could be used as a simple electric field probe with temporal resolution of 100 ps, or as a field mapping system with spatial resolution approaching 1 μm

An Initial Inquiry Into Mountain Ungulate Space Use Within the Greater Yellowstone Area

The expansion of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) throughout the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) has continued since their initial introduction in the 1940’s. Mountain goats occupy similar habitats as native bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) and harbor pathogens known to be detrimental to bighorn sheep recovery efforts. In 2006 the Greater Yellowstone Area Mountain Ungulate Project initiated a large-scale collaring effort to enhance our understanding of the spatial dynamics of both species and the potential impacts of mountain goat range expansion on regional bighorn sheep. The research is unique in spatial scale and encompasses ten study areas with examples of both sympatric and allopatric mountain ungulate populations. To date we have instrumented 122 individuals (76 BHS and 46 MTGs) with GPS collars and have recovered 45 collars (22 BHS and 23 MTGs) from the field. Initial inquiries into space use across species and study areas with respect to seasonal migrations and elevational changes will be discussed. An early investigation of the heterogeneity in mountain ungulate space use and movement strategies throughout the GYA will help to inform future capture efforts and provide insights into mountain ungulate competition across space and time

A Geophysical Atlas for Interpretation of Satellite-derived Data

A compilation of maps of global geophysical and geological data plotted on a common scale and projection is presented. The maps include satellite gravity, magnetic, seismic, volcanic, tectonic activity, and mantle velocity anomaly data. The Bibliographic references for all maps are included

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in autosomal dominant optic atrophy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), a form of progressive bilateral blindness due to loss of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve deterioration, arises predominantly from mutations in the nuclear gene for the mitochondrial GTPase, OPA1. OPA1 localizes to mitochondrial cristae in the inner membrane where electron transport chain complexes are enriched. While OPA1 has been characterized for its role in mitochondrial cristae structure and organelle fusion, possible effects of OPA1 on mitochondrial function have not been determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mitochondria from six ADOA patients bearing <it>OPA1 </it>mutations and ten ADOA patients with unidentified gene mutations were studied for respiratory capacity and electron transport complex function. Results suggest that the nuclear DNA mutations that give rise to ADOA in our patient population do not alter mitochondrial electron transport.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that the pathophysiology of ADOA likely stems from the role of OPA1 in mitochondrial structure or fusion and not from OPA1 support of oxidative phosphorylation.</p

Assessing the Climate Change Vulnerability of Ecosystem Types of the Southwestern U.S.

Climate change is challenging scientists and decision-makers to understand the complexities of climate change and to predict the related effects at scales relevant to environmental policy and the management of ecosystem services. Extraordinary change in climate, and the ensuing impacts to ecosystem services, are widely anticipated for the southwestern United States. Predicting the vulnerability of Southwest ecosystems and their components has been a priority of natural resource organizations over the past decade. Supplementing vulnerability assessments in the region with geospatial inputs of high thematic and spatial detail has become vital for supporting local analyses, planning, and decisions. In this context has come the opportunity to build upon a framework of major ecosystem types of the Southwest and to assess vulnerability to climate change for each type. Herein are presented three studies that set the backdrop for vulnerability assessment, detail a novel correlative modeling procedure to predict the location and the magnitude of vulnerability to familiar vegetation patterns, and then explore applications of the resulting geospatial vulnerability surface: 1) considerations for evaluating or designing a vulnerability assessment; 2) an overview of the vegetation and climate of major ecosystem types, and 3) a climate change vulnerability assessment for all major ecosystem types of the Southwest. This work has resulted in a regionwide vulnerability surface of greater extent and higher spatial and thematic resolution than previous modeling efforts, giving local managers information on the location and degree of climate risk to vegetation resources