The Scots Language and its cultural and social capital in Scottish schools: a case study of Scots in Scottish secondary classrooms

The Scots language has largely been excluded, historically, within Scottish institutional contexts (Jones 1995: 1–21). This phenomenon typically owes itself, in Bourdieuian terms, to the lack of ‘social’ and ‘cultural capital’ certain codes of the language have increasingly held since the eighteenth century onwards in much of Scottish society. The devaluation of the Scots language from this period has been exacerbated in particular by its growing marginalisation within the Scottish education system. Although learning Latin held prestige during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Scots was generally the teaching medium in most Scottish classrooms (Williamson 1982a: 54–77). However the elocution movement during the latter half of the eighteenth century and the Education (Scotland) Act of 1872, both encouraged and eventually required that every child should be educated in English (Bailey 1987: 131–42). Scots became regarded as a ‘lazy’, parochial dialect of English and Scottish aspirations to reproduce the linguistic norms of ‘polite’ London, helped to suppress the language further (Jones 1995: 2)

reseArch from AnImAl testIng to clInIcAl experIence Differences in the interpretation of the GLP requirements by OECD monitoring authorities: the point of view from the pharmaceutical industry

Summary. The need to harmonise the principles of good laboratory practice (GLP), their application and their monitoring has always been a preoccupation of the authorities. This can be seen by the very early publication of the set of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) documents, the training of the national inspectors, and the system of joint mutual visits. These aspects are now, for the most part, aligned. However, often the expectations of the inspectors and the interpretation behind the text are different and sometimes even opposite. In Sanofi-Aventis there is an almost unique position having 12 research and development sites in 7 different countries, all performing phases of studies which can be used by any of the other sites and all inspected by monitoring authorities (MAs) of the OECD GLP system. As with most international pharmaceutical companies a large majority of studies are multisite and even multicountry. This paper illustrates some of the challenges which are encountered when a global system of high quality is established to satisfy all the expectations of the multiple MAs, with particular reference to the diversity of origins of the requirements, specific guidance documents on GLP, question and answer sessions on GLP interpretations, annex requirements on specific areas (21 CFR Part 11, veterinary legislation etc.) and conference presentations by MAs. It is important to realize that even though there might be interpretations that the industry has some difficulty in understanding, the objective of this paper is not to complain or to criticize one or other of the MAs. Rather, the objective is to try to be constructive and to show where there are differences so that industry and the MAs can work together to establish systems which possess the level of quality necessary to ensure the safety of patients and the marketing of efficient products. Key words: good laboratory practice, pharmaceutical industry, compliance with regulations. Riassunto (Diversità nell' interpretazione dei requisiti di BPL da parte delle autorità di monitoraggio dell'OCSE: il punto di vista dell'industria farmaceutica). La necessità di armonizzare i principi di buona pratica di laboratorio (BPL) e la loro applicazione e verifica è sempre stata una preoccupazione delle autorità. La tempestiva pubblicazione di documenti dell'Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economico (OCSE) su tale materia, l'addestramento degli ispettori nazionali ed il sistema di visite congiunte reciproche sono una chiara dimostrazione di tale impegno. Questi aspetti sono oggi in larga misura allineati. Spesso, d'altra parte, le attese degli ispettori e l'interpretazione dei testi dei provvedimenti vigenti non collimano e sono talvolta addirittura in conflitto. La Sanofi-Aventis ha adottato una posizione pressoché univoca dal momento che essa consiste di 12 centri di ricerca e sviluppo in 7 paesi diversi, tutti impegnati in fasi di studi che possono essere usate da uno qualunque degli altri siti, tutti ispezionabili dalle autorità di monitoraggio (AM) aderenti al programma per la BPL dell'OCSE. Come avviene per la maggior parte delle aziende farmaceutiche internazionali, gli studi effettuati sono per lo più multisito, se non anche multinazionali. Questo articolo illustra alcune delle sfide da affrontare quando un sistema globale di alta qualità viene costituito per soddisfare tutte le attese di più AM, con particolare riferimento alla diversità delle cause delle richieste, a specifici documenti guida sulla BPL, alle sessioni di domande e risposte sull' interpretazione dei principi di BPL, ai requisiti derivanti da settori specifici (la sezione 11 del CFR 21, la legislazione veterinaria ecc.,) ed alle comunicazioni congressuali fatte dalle AM. È importante rendersi conto che anche se possono esserci interpretazioni che l'industria ha difficoltà a comprendere, lo scopo di questo articolo non è formulare critiche o lamentele sull'operato di una o più AM, ma piuttosto quello di cercare di essere costruttivi e di mostrare dove siano le diversità in modo tale che l'industria e le AM possano lavorare insieme per mettere a punto sistemi che posseggano il livello di qualità necessario per garantire la sicurezza del paziente e la commercializzazione di prodotti efficaci. Parole chiave: buona pratica di laboratorio, industria farmaceutica, conformità ai regolamenti

Alphafoetoprotein and chemical carcinogenesis.

The value of short term screening techniques for examining chemicals for their ability to cause cancer and the development of methods which facilitate the early detection of tumour growth is now widely accepted. The use of the quantitation of oncofoetal proteins has recently been proposed as a useful technique in both these fields of carcinogenesis. This thesis describes the development of a very sensitive radioimmunoassay for one such oncofoetal antigen, alphafoetoprotein, and examines the production of this protein during transplantation of tumour tissue and during treatment of cell cultures with carcinogens and non-carcinogens. A number of other parameters proposed as short-term screening procedures including DNA repair, increase in cell division, induction of biphenyl-2-hydroxylase activity and morphological changes are assessed and compared with the production of alphafoetoprotein. The role of alphafoetoprotein in stimulating cell growth and division is assessed along with its relationship to tumour immunology. The cell culture system is examined as an experimental model with which to study the effect of xenobiotics on animals and is compared to the commonly used technique of long-term parenteral administration of chemicals. The results obtained from these experiments are discussed in relation to the current literature in an attempt to rationalize a mechanism of tumour production

Observer, observed and observations: Initial teacher education. English tutors' feedback on lessons taught by student teachers of English

We reflect here on research into the process of giving and receiving lesson-observational feedback for student teachers. Key questions and areas are: • How effective is post-lesson observation feedback in developing student teachers’ understanding of their own teaching? • Are there any issues to do with English subject knowledge? • What of the language issues involved? • What is the relationship between formative and evaluative aspects of such feedback? • How involved are the student teachers themselves, and what are their thoughts and feelings

Educational Research and Inquiry: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

First paragraph:The main target audience of this text is that of students who are researching within the field of education at British universities. One of the main concerns of the text is to find an appropriate equilibrium between conveying to its audience the complexities of the theoretical, methodological and ethical matters of educational research and also the practical methods involved in researching education. As such, the text provides readers with both an appreciation of the complex and challenging nature of research in education and also contemporary debates regarding the function and significance of educational research