Women’s views about management and cause of urinary tract infection: qualitative interview study

Objectives To explore the views of women with urinary tract infection on the acceptability of different strategies for managing the infection, including delayed use of antibiotics, and the cause of infection

Defining lesional, perilesional and unaffected skin in hidradenitis suppurativa: proposed recommendations for clinical trials and translational research studies

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurring inflammatory skin condition for which the pathogenesis is not completely elucidated1. With the increase in HS‐related research comes the need to enhance reproducibility, quality and accuracy of scientific methods. Unlike other inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis, HS lesions are morphologically diverse and include nodules, abscesses, tunnels and fibrosis in various permutations and combinations admixed in the same anatomical region1. This makes general definitions as ‘lesional’ and ‘non‐lesional’ insufficient for HS‐related investigations. A definition for non‐lesional skin is lacking

Magnetic Coordinate Systems

Geospace phenomena such as the aurora, plasma motion, ionospheric currents and associated magnetic field disturbances are highly organized by Earth's main magnetic field. This is due to the fact that the charged particles that comprise space plasma can move almost freely along magnetic field lines, but not across them. For this reason it is sensible to present such phenomena relative to Earth's magnetic field. A large variety of magnetic coordinate systems exist, designed for different purposes and regions, ranging from the magnetopause to the ionosphere. In this paper we review the most common magnetic coordinate systems and describe how they are defined, where they are used, and how to convert between them. The definitions are presented based on the spherical harmonic expansion coefficients of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) and, in some of the coordinate systems, the position of the Sun which we show how to calculate from the time and date. The most detailed coordinate systems take the full IGRF into account and define magnetic latitude and longitude such that they are constant along field lines. These coordinate systems, which are useful at ionospheric altitudes, are non-orthogonal. We show how to handle vectors and vector calculus in such coordinates, and discuss how systematic errors may appear if this is not done correctly

What causes hidradenitis suppurativa ?—15 years after

The 14 authors of the first review article on hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) pathogenesis published 2008 in EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY cumulating from the 1st International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Symposium held March 30–April 2, 2006 in Dessau, Germany with 33 participants were prophetic when they wrote “Hopefully, this heralds a welcome new tradition: to get to the molecular heart of HS pathogenesis, which can only be achieved by a renaissance of solid basic HS research, as the key to developing more effective HS therapy.” (Kurzen et al. What causes hidradenitis suppurativa? Exp Dermatol 2008;17:455). Fifteen years later, th

A Systematic Review of Promising Therapeutic Targets in Hidradenitis Suppurativa : A Critical Evaluation of Mechanistic and Clinical Relevance

This systematic review identifies and critically evaluates the mechanistic and clinical evidence of new promising therapeutic targets in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Evidence for these targets is largely based on observational data with limited ex vivo and translational data from clinical trials. A number of placebo-controlled studies have been completed or are underway utilizing IL-1, IL-23, IL-17, complement, and Jak inhibition, although there is concern regarding elevated placebo response rates and the questionable validity of clinical scores in some participant subsets. Knowledge gaps are identified suggesting a direction for future mechanistic studies in HS, including more comprehensive inflammatory endotype profiling of disease

Identifying key components and therapeutic targets of the immune system in hidradenitis suppurativa with an emphasis on neutrophils

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent, and debilitating skin disease of the hair follicle unit that typically develops after puberty. The disorder is characterized by comedones, painful inflammatory nodules, abscesses, dermal tunnels, and scarring, with a predilection for intertriginous areas of the body (axillae, inguinal, and anogenital regions). Recruitment of neutrophils to HS lesion sites may play an essential role in the development of the painful inflammatory nodules and abscesses that characterize the disease. This is a review of the major mediators involved in the recruitment of neutrophils to sites of active inflammation including bacterial components (endotoxins, exotoxins, capsule fragments, etc.), the complement pathway anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- \u3b1), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interleukin 8 (CXCL8/IL-8), interleukin 36 (IL-36), interleukin 1 (IL-1), lipocalin-2, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet-activating factor, kallikrein, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and myeloperoxidase inhibitors. Pharmacologic manipulation of the various pathways involved in the process of neutrophil recruitment and activation could allow for successful control and stabilization of HS lesions and the remission of active, severe flares