Biodegradation of bisphenol A in the environment

Bisfenol A (BPA) je osnovna građevna jedinica u proizvodnji polikarbonata, epoksi smola, stomatoloških potrepština te drugih materijala. BPA dospijeva u okoliš tijekom kemijske proizvodnje, transporta ili prerade te neispravnim odlaganjem proizvoda koji ga sadržavaju. BPA zbog svoje toksičnosti štetno utječe na ljudsko zdravlje, životinjski i biljni svijet te ga je potrebno ukloniti iz okoliša. U ovom je radu provedena biorazgradnja BPA u vodenoj otopini bakterijskim kulturama Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW, Pseudomonas putida i Streptomyces sp. izoliranim iz okoliša. Pokusima su ispitani različiti čimbenici koji utječu na proces biorazgradnje BPA, poput pH-vrijednosti, temperature i optičke gustoće navedenih kultura. Prema dobivenim rezultatima pri pH-vrijednosti 7 i temperaturi od 35 °C postignuta je najbolja biorazgradnja BPA od 40 %, odnosno 50 % za sva tri ispitana mikroorganizma. Pri optičkoj gustoći od 0,3 postignuta je 10 % veća biorazgradnja BPA nego pri optičkoj gustoći od 0,2 kulturama Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW i Pseudomonas putida, dok je primjenom kulture Streptomyces sp. najbolja biorazgradnja postignuta pri optičkoj gustoći od 0,2.Bisphenol A (BPA) is the basic building block in the production of polycarbonates, epoxy resins, dental products and other materials. BPA enters the environment during the chemical production, transport, processing or inadequate disposal of the product containing it. Because of its toxicity, BPA has an adverse impact on human health as well as animal and plant life, and has to be removed from the environment. In this paper, the biodegradation of BPA took place in the aqueous solution containing bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW, Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces sp. isolated from the environment. Various factors affecting the BPA biodegradation process, such as pH value, temperature, and optical density of the mentioned cultures were tested. According to the obtained results, the best BPA biodegradation of 40% i.e. 50% was achieved at pH value of 7 and temperature of 35° C for all three tested microorganisms. At optical density of 0.3, 10% higher BPA biodegradation was achieved with cultures Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW and Pseudomonas putida than at optical density of 0.2 whereas the use of the culture Streptomyces sp. resulted in the best biodegradation at optical density of 0.2

Biodegradation of bisphenol A in the environment

Bisfenol A (BPA) je osnovna građevna jedinica u proizvodnji polikarbonata, epoksi smola, stomatoloških potrepština te drugih materijala. BPA dospijeva u okoliš tijekom kemijske proizvodnje, transporta ili prerade te neispravnim odlaganjem proizvoda koji ga sadržavaju. BPA zbog svoje toksičnosti štetno utječe na ljudsko zdravlje, životinjski i biljni svijet te ga je potrebno ukloniti iz okoliša. U ovom je radu provedena biorazgradnja BPA u vodenoj otopini bakterijskim kulturama Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW, Pseudomonas putida i Streptomyces sp. izoliranim iz okoliša. Pokusima su ispitani različiti čimbenici koji utječu na proces biorazgradnje BPA, poput pH-vrijednosti, temperature i optičke gustoće navedenih kultura. Prema dobivenim rezultatima pri pH-vrijednosti 7 i temperaturi od 35 °C postignuta je najbolja biorazgradnja BPA od 40 %, odnosno 50 % za sva tri ispitana mikroorganizma. Pri optičkoj gustoći od 0,3 postignuta je 10 % veća biorazgradnja BPA nego pri optičkoj gustoći od 0,2 kulturama Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW i Pseudomonas putida, dok je primjenom kulture Streptomyces sp. najbolja biorazgradnja postignuta pri optičkoj gustoći od 0,2.Bisphenol A (BPA) is the basic building block in the production of polycarbonates, epoxy resins, dental products and other materials. BPA enters the environment during the chemical production, transport, processing or inadequate disposal of the product containing it. Because of its toxicity, BPA has an adverse impact on human health as well as animal and plant life, and has to be removed from the environment. In this paper, the biodegradation of BPA took place in the aqueous solution containing bacterial cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW, Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces sp. isolated from the environment. Various factors affecting the BPA biodegradation process, such as pH value, temperature, and optical density of the mentioned cultures were tested. According to the obtained results, the best BPA biodegradation of 40% i.e. 50% was achieved at pH value of 7 and temperature of 35° C for all three tested microorganisms. At optical density of 0.3, 10% higher BPA biodegradation was achieved with cultures Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSW and Pseudomonas putida than at optical density of 0.2 whereas the use of the culture Streptomyces sp. resulted in the best biodegradation at optical density of 0.2

Biodegradation of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems

Plastika je sintetski polimerni materijal koji je zbog visoke izdržljivosti, male težine i niske cijene jedan od često korištenih materijala. U posljednjih 70 godina svjetska godišnja proizvodnja plastike porasla je s 0,5 milijuna tona u 1950. godini na 348 milijuna tona u 2017. godini, a očekuje se da će se u sljedećih 20 godina udvostručiti. Danas veliki problem za okoliš predstavlja mikroplastika (MP), odnosno čestice plastike koje su manje od 5 mm. Izvori MP-a su mnogi, a jedan od njih su i otpadne vode putem kojih MP dospijeva u tlo, slatke i slane vode. Onečišćenje MP-om zabilježeno je u svim dijelovima ekosustava, a zbog njihove postojanosti u okolišu i niskog stupnja razgradnje se u novije doba ispituju različiti postupci za njihovo uklanjanje iz okoliša. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati biorazgradnju MP-a u vodi inokulacijom bakterija Bacillus licheniformis, Lysinibacillus massiliensis te s mješovitom kulturom Delftia acidovorans i Bacillus sp. Biorazgradnja polistirena (PS) i polietilena niske gustoće (LDPE), veličine čestica 300 – 500 μm, provedena je u šaržnim uvjetima rada pri temperaturi od 25±2 °C, pH-vrijednosti od 7,148 i 160 o/min. Proces biorazgradnje je trajao 22 dana, a praćeni su sljedeći pokazatelji: temperatura, pH-vrijednost, koncentracija otopljenog kisika, električna vodljivost, optička gustoća (OG), broj izraslih kolonija bakterija (CFU), vrijednosti ukupnog ugljika (TC), ukupnog organskog ugljika (TOC) i ukupnog anorganskog ugljika (IC), koncentracije kationa i aniona, nastali nusprodukti biorazgradnje te promjene na površini čestica MP-a. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je tijekom 22 dana pokusa u svim uzorcima započela biorazgradnja LDPE-a i PS-a na što ukazuje smanjenje koncentracije otopljenog kisika, porast vrijednosti CFU-a, porast IC vrijednosti i promjena u koncentraciji kationa i aniona. Nadalje, na FTIR spektrima snimljenim nakon procesa biorazgradnje vidljivi su novonastali pikovi za koje se pretpostavlja da su posljedica biorazgradnje. Iz dobivenih rezultata pretpostavlja se da je biorazgradnja obje vrste MP-a moguća s korištenim bakterijskim kulturama, te su u cilju potvrde navedene teze potrebna detaljnija istraživanja.Plastic is synthetic polymer material which is one of the most frequently used materials due to its durability, lightweight and low cost. Over the last 70 years world annual plastic production has risen from 0.5 million tons in 1950. to 348 million tons in 2017. and is expected to double in the next 20 years. Microplastics (MP), which are plastic particles that are smaller than 5 mm, are the major problem for the environment. There are different sources of MP but the biggest problem are discharged wastewaters through which MP reaches the soil, freshwaters, seas and oceans. MP pollution has been detected both in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Due to their persistence in the environment and low degradation availability it is necessary to find efficient way for MP removal. The aim of this paper was to examine biodegradation availability of MP in water by inoculation of bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis, Lysinibacillus massiliensis and mixed culture Delftia acidovorans and Bacillus sp. Biodegradation of polystyrene (PS) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), at patricle size 300 – 500 μm, was carried out in batch conditions at 25±2 °C, pH-value 7.148 and 160 rpm. During the 22 days of biodegradation process, temperature, pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity, optical density (OG), colony-forming unit (CFU), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (IC), anion and cation concentration, biodegradation products and surface changes have been monitored. The obtained results showed that during 22 days in all experiments had started biodegradation of both PS and LDPE which was indicated by a decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration, an increase in the CFU and IC, and changes in the anion and cation concentrations. Furthermore, the results from FTIR spectra showed newly formed peaks after biodegradation that are presumed to be the results of biodegradation. From the obtained results, it is assumed that biodegradation of both types of MP is possible with used bacterial cultures. In order to confirm this thesis, more detailed research is needed

Development of method for efficiency assessment of multimetal vapour phase inhibitors

Parnofazni inhibitori korozije danas su jedna od najučestalijih metoda antikorozivne zaštite zbog svoje visoke djelotvornosti. Budući da broj inhibitora dostupnih na tržištu kontinuirano raste, od velike važnosti su ispitivanja provedena u laboratorijskim i realnim uvjetima kojima se određuje njihova djelotvornost i vijek trajanja. U ovom radu prikazan je razvoj metode za ocjenu djelotvornosti višemetalnih parnofaznih inhibitora na bakru uz simuliranje kloridima i jodom izazvane korozije. Tijekom ispitivanja, uzorci su bili izloženi agresivnom okolišu, a za zaštitu od korozije korišten je parnofazni inhibitor u obliku filma, VpCI-126®. Korozija je izazvana uranjanjem uzoraka u otopinu natrijeva klorida, čija se koncentracija optimirala, kako bi se ispitala djelotvornost inhibitora ovisno o koncentraciji kloridnih iona u zatvorenom sustavu. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata, provedeno je i ispitivanje u kojem se ispitala ovisnost djelotvornosti inhibitora o načinu uranjanja bakrenih uzoraka u otopinu klorida. U slučaju testiranja uzoraka jodom, korozija je izazvana injektiranjem otopine joda u zatvoreni sustav. U svakom testu uspoređivali su se uzorci zaštićeni inhibitorom sa nezaštićenim uzorcima. Uzorci su ocjenjeni vizualnim testom, snimljeni digitalnim mikroskopom, te analizirani na FTIR spektrometru. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da VCI ima veću djelotvornost u zatvorenim sustavima u kojima se u parnoj fazi nalazi samo voda. U prisutnosti klorida, VCI pokazuje veću djelotvornost pri niskim koncentracijama. U prisutnosti joda, vidljiv je određen stupanj zaštite kod uzoraka izloženih inhibitoru, no u usporedbi s rezultatima dobivenim u atmosferi bogatoj kloridima, inhibitor je pokazao znatno manju djelotvornost. FTIR spektri pokazali su različite promjene na površini zaštićenoj i nezaštićenoj inhibitorom.Vapour phase corrosion inhibitors are nowadays one of most common methods of anticorrosion protection because of their high efficiency. Since the number of inhibitors available on the market is constantly growing, researches done in laboratory and realistic conditions, that study their efficiency and lifespan, play a really important role. In this research work, it has been shown how the development of a method for efficiency assessment of multimetal vapour phase inhibitors works on copper with the stimulation of chlorides and iodine that cause the corrosion itself. During the testing, the samples covered in VpCl-126®, a vapour phase inhibitor in a form of a protection film, were exposed to an aggressive environment. Samples were soaked in sodium chloride solution to provoke corrosion, whose concentration was optimized, in order to test the efficiency of inhibitors depending on the concentration of chloride ions in a closed system. Because of the produced results, there were also tests with different methods of soaking copper samples in chloride solution. In a test involving iodine, corrosion is caused by injecting the iodine solution into the closed system. Samples saturated with the inhibitor were compared to the samples without inhibitor in every test. The samples were visually evaluated, photographed by a digital microscope and analyzed on FTIR spectrometer. Received results have shown that VCl has higher efficiency in closed systems in which the vapour phase contains only water. VCl shows better efficiency at low concentrations of chlorides. There is a certain level of protection on samples exposed to inhibitors in the presence of iodine. Comparing both recieved results from chloride and iodine researches, VCI has shown lower efficiency in atmosphere rich with iodine. FTIR spectra showed different kinds of changes on the surface saturated by inhibitor contrary to an surface without inhibitor

Biodegradation of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems

Plastika je sintetski polimerni materijal koji je zbog visoke izdržljivosti, male težine i niske cijene jedan od često korištenih materijala. U posljednjih 70 godina svjetska godišnja proizvodnja plastike porasla je s 0,5 milijuna tona u 1950. godini na 348 milijuna tona u 2017. godini, a očekuje se da će se u sljedećih 20 godina udvostručiti. Danas veliki problem za okoliš predstavlja mikroplastika (MP), odnosno čestice plastike koje su manje od 5 mm. Izvori MP-a su mnogi, a jedan od njih su i otpadne vode putem kojih MP dospijeva u tlo, slatke i slane vode. Onečišćenje MP-om zabilježeno je u svim dijelovima ekosustava, a zbog njihove postojanosti u okolišu i niskog stupnja razgradnje se u novije doba ispituju različiti postupci za njihovo uklanjanje iz okoliša. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati biorazgradnju MP-a u vodi inokulacijom bakterija Bacillus licheniformis, Lysinibacillus massiliensis te s mješovitom kulturom Delftia acidovorans i Bacillus sp. Biorazgradnja polistirena (PS) i polietilena niske gustoće (LDPE), veličine čestica 300 – 500 μm, provedena je u šaržnim uvjetima rada pri temperaturi od 25±2 °C, pH-vrijednosti od 7,148 i 160 o/min. Proces biorazgradnje je trajao 22 dana, a praćeni su sljedeći pokazatelji: temperatura, pH-vrijednost, koncentracija otopljenog kisika, električna vodljivost, optička gustoća (OG), broj izraslih kolonija bakterija (CFU), vrijednosti ukupnog ugljika (TC), ukupnog organskog ugljika (TOC) i ukupnog anorganskog ugljika (IC), koncentracije kationa i aniona, nastali nusprodukti biorazgradnje te promjene na površini čestica MP-a. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je tijekom 22 dana pokusa u svim uzorcima započela biorazgradnja LDPE-a i PS-a na što ukazuje smanjenje koncentracije otopljenog kisika, porast vrijednosti CFU-a, porast IC vrijednosti i promjena u koncentraciji kationa i aniona. Nadalje, na FTIR spektrima snimljenim nakon procesa biorazgradnje vidljivi su novonastali pikovi za koje se pretpostavlja da su posljedica biorazgradnje. Iz dobivenih rezultata pretpostavlja se da je biorazgradnja obje vrste MP-a moguća s korištenim bakterijskim kulturama, te su u cilju potvrde navedene teze potrebna detaljnija istraživanja.Plastic is synthetic polymer material which is one of the most frequently used materials due to its durability, lightweight and low cost. Over the last 70 years world annual plastic production has risen from 0.5 million tons in 1950. to 348 million tons in 2017. and is expected to double in the next 20 years. Microplastics (MP), which are plastic particles that are smaller than 5 mm, are the major problem for the environment. There are different sources of MP but the biggest problem are discharged wastewaters through which MP reaches the soil, freshwaters, seas and oceans. MP pollution has been detected both in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Due to their persistence in the environment and low degradation availability it is necessary to find efficient way for MP removal. The aim of this paper was to examine biodegradation availability of MP in water by inoculation of bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis, Lysinibacillus massiliensis and mixed culture Delftia acidovorans and Bacillus sp. Biodegradation of polystyrene (PS) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), at patricle size 300 – 500 μm, was carried out in batch conditions at 25±2 °C, pH-value 7.148 and 160 rpm. During the 22 days of biodegradation process, temperature, pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity, optical density (OG), colony-forming unit (CFU), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (IC), anion and cation concentration, biodegradation products and surface changes have been monitored. The obtained results showed that during 22 days in all experiments had started biodegradation of both PS and LDPE which was indicated by a decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration, an increase in the CFU and IC, and changes in the anion and cation concentrations. Furthermore, the results from FTIR spectra showed newly formed peaks after biodegradation that are presumed to be the results of biodegradation. From the obtained results, it is assumed that biodegradation of both types of MP is possible with used bacterial cultures. In order to confirm this thesis, more detailed research is needed

Biodegradation of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems

Plastika je sintetski polimerni materijal koji je zbog visoke izdržljivosti, male težine i niske cijene jedan od često korištenih materijala. U posljednjih 70 godina svjetska godišnja proizvodnja plastike porasla je s 0,5 milijuna tona u 1950. godini na 348 milijuna tona u 2017. godini, a očekuje se da će se u sljedećih 20 godina udvostručiti. Danas veliki problem za okoliš predstavlja mikroplastika (MP), odnosno čestice plastike koje su manje od 5 mm. Izvori MP-a su mnogi, a jedan od njih su i otpadne vode putem kojih MP dospijeva u tlo, slatke i slane vode. Onečišćenje MP-om zabilježeno je u svim dijelovima ekosustava, a zbog njihove postojanosti u okolišu i niskog stupnja razgradnje se u novije doba ispituju različiti postupci za njihovo uklanjanje iz okoliša. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati biorazgradnju MP-a u vodi inokulacijom bakterija Bacillus licheniformis, Lysinibacillus massiliensis te s mješovitom kulturom Delftia acidovorans i Bacillus sp. Biorazgradnja polistirena (PS) i polietilena niske gustoće (LDPE), veličine čestica 300 – 500 μm, provedena je u šaržnim uvjetima rada pri temperaturi od 25±2 °C, pH-vrijednosti od 7,148 i 160 o/min. Proces biorazgradnje je trajao 22 dana, a praćeni su sljedeći pokazatelji: temperatura, pH-vrijednost, koncentracija otopljenog kisika, električna vodljivost, optička gustoća (OG), broj izraslih kolonija bakterija (CFU), vrijednosti ukupnog ugljika (TC), ukupnog organskog ugljika (TOC) i ukupnog anorganskog ugljika (IC), koncentracije kationa i aniona, nastali nusprodukti biorazgradnje te promjene na površini čestica MP-a. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je tijekom 22 dana pokusa u svim uzorcima započela biorazgradnja LDPE-a i PS-a na što ukazuje smanjenje koncentracije otopljenog kisika, porast vrijednosti CFU-a, porast IC vrijednosti i promjena u koncentraciji kationa i aniona. Nadalje, na FTIR spektrima snimljenim nakon procesa biorazgradnje vidljivi su novonastali pikovi za koje se pretpostavlja da su posljedica biorazgradnje. Iz dobivenih rezultata pretpostavlja se da je biorazgradnja obje vrste MP-a moguća s korištenim bakterijskim kulturama, te su u cilju potvrde navedene teze potrebna detaljnija istraživanja.Plastic is synthetic polymer material which is one of the most frequently used materials due to its durability, lightweight and low cost. Over the last 70 years world annual plastic production has risen from 0.5 million tons in 1950. to 348 million tons in 2017. and is expected to double in the next 20 years. Microplastics (MP), which are plastic particles that are smaller than 5 mm, are the major problem for the environment. There are different sources of MP but the biggest problem are discharged wastewaters through which MP reaches the soil, freshwaters, seas and oceans. MP pollution has been detected both in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Due to their persistence in the environment and low degradation availability it is necessary to find efficient way for MP removal. The aim of this paper was to examine biodegradation availability of MP in water by inoculation of bacteria, Bacillus licheniformis, Lysinibacillus massiliensis and mixed culture Delftia acidovorans and Bacillus sp. Biodegradation of polystyrene (PS) and low density polyethylene (LDPE), at patricle size 300 – 500 μm, was carried out in batch conditions at 25±2 °C, pH-value 7.148 and 160 rpm. During the 22 days of biodegradation process, temperature, pH-value, dissolved oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity, optical density (OG), colony-forming unit (CFU), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (IC), anion and cation concentration, biodegradation products and surface changes have been monitored. The obtained results showed that during 22 days in all experiments had started biodegradation of both PS and LDPE which was indicated by a decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration, an increase in the CFU and IC, and changes in the anion and cation concentrations. Furthermore, the results from FTIR spectra showed newly formed peaks after biodegradation that are presumed to be the results of biodegradation. From the obtained results, it is assumed that biodegradation of both types of MP is possible with used bacterial cultures. In order to confirm this thesis, more detailed research is needed

Development of method for efficiency assessment of multimetal vapour phase inhibitors

Parnofazni inhibitori korozije danas su jedna od najučestalijih metoda antikorozivne zaštite zbog svoje visoke djelotvornosti. Budući da broj inhibitora dostupnih na tržištu kontinuirano raste, od velike važnosti su ispitivanja provedena u laboratorijskim i realnim uvjetima kojima se određuje njihova djelotvornost i vijek trajanja. U ovom radu prikazan je razvoj metode za ocjenu djelotvornosti višemetalnih parnofaznih inhibitora na bakru uz simuliranje kloridima i jodom izazvane korozije. Tijekom ispitivanja, uzorci su bili izloženi agresivnom okolišu, a za zaštitu od korozije korišten je parnofazni inhibitor u obliku filma, VpCI-126®. Korozija je izazvana uranjanjem uzoraka u otopinu natrijeva klorida, čija se koncentracija optimirala, kako bi se ispitala djelotvornost inhibitora ovisno o koncentraciji kloridnih iona u zatvorenom sustavu. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata, provedeno je i ispitivanje u kojem se ispitala ovisnost djelotvornosti inhibitora o načinu uranjanja bakrenih uzoraka u otopinu klorida. U slučaju testiranja uzoraka jodom, korozija je izazvana injektiranjem otopine joda u zatvoreni sustav. U svakom testu uspoređivali su se uzorci zaštićeni inhibitorom sa nezaštićenim uzorcima. Uzorci su ocjenjeni vizualnim testom, snimljeni digitalnim mikroskopom, te analizirani na FTIR spektrometru. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da VCI ima veću djelotvornost u zatvorenim sustavima u kojima se u parnoj fazi nalazi samo voda. U prisutnosti klorida, VCI pokazuje veću djelotvornost pri niskim koncentracijama. U prisutnosti joda, vidljiv je određen stupanj zaštite kod uzoraka izloženih inhibitoru, no u usporedbi s rezultatima dobivenim u atmosferi bogatoj kloridima, inhibitor je pokazao znatno manju djelotvornost. FTIR spektri pokazali su različite promjene na površini zaštićenoj i nezaštićenoj inhibitorom.Vapour phase corrosion inhibitors are nowadays one of most common methods of anticorrosion protection because of their high efficiency. Since the number of inhibitors available on the market is constantly growing, researches done in laboratory and realistic conditions, that study their efficiency and lifespan, play a really important role. In this research work, it has been shown how the development of a method for efficiency assessment of multimetal vapour phase inhibitors works on copper with the stimulation of chlorides and iodine that cause the corrosion itself. During the testing, the samples covered in VpCl-126®, a vapour phase inhibitor in a form of a protection film, were exposed to an aggressive environment. Samples were soaked in sodium chloride solution to provoke corrosion, whose concentration was optimized, in order to test the efficiency of inhibitors depending on the concentration of chloride ions in a closed system. Because of the produced results, there were also tests with different methods of soaking copper samples in chloride solution. In a test involving iodine, corrosion is caused by injecting the iodine solution into the closed system. Samples saturated with the inhibitor were compared to the samples without inhibitor in every test. The samples were visually evaluated, photographed by a digital microscope and analyzed on FTIR spectrometer. Received results have shown that VCl has higher efficiency in closed systems in which the vapour phase contains only water. VCl shows better efficiency at low concentrations of chlorides. There is a certain level of protection on samples exposed to inhibitors in the presence of iodine. Comparing both recieved results from chloride and iodine researches, VCI has shown lower efficiency in atmosphere rich with iodine. FTIR spectra showed different kinds of changes on the surface saturated by inhibitor contrary to an surface without inhibitor

Ružička days : International conference 17th Ružička Days “Today Science – Tomorrow Industry” : Proceedings

In front of you are the Proceedings of the International Conference 17th Ružička days: „Today Science – Tomorrow Industry“ that was held in Vukovar, Croatia at September 19-21, 2018. The main goal of this interdisciplinary conference is to promote excellence in science and engineering as well as application of up-to-date research results and technological achievements in industry. In its fifth issue (2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019) the Proceedings continues with publishing of quality scientific and professional full papers in sections Chemical Analysis and Synthesis (2), Chemical and Biochemical Engineering (3), Food Technology and Biotechnology (4), Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy (2), Environmental Protection (9) and Meeting of Young Chemists (4). All the papers were thoroughly reviewed from respectable evaluators, to whom we express our gratitude. We are also thankful to all the authors and participants of the Ružička days, and to all that support and contribute in its organization; especially our international coorganizers EuCheMS, EFFoST and EHEDG, the members of organizing and scientific committee, plenary and invited lecturers, sponsors, and of course our highly skilled and committed associates, which put a lot of effort in preparation of this book

Ružička days : International conference 18th Ružička Days “Today Science – Tomorrow Industry” : Proceedings

Proceedings contains articles presented at Conference divided into sections: chemical analysis and synthesis, chemical and biochemical engineering, food technology and biotechnology, medical chemistry and pharmacy, environmental protection and meeting of young chemists