PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPS DI SEKOLAH DASAR : Penelitian Tindakan Kelas akan Dilaksanakan pada kelas IV SDN X Kecamatan X Kota Bandung Tahun Pelajaran 2014/2015

Penelitian ini berjudul Penerapan Model Problem Based Learning Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Di SD. Masalah yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah adalah mengenai proses pembelajaran dalam dalam mata pelajaran IPS SD dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran yang dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menimbulkan kemampuan berpikir siswa serta efektifitas pembelajaran IPS. Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dari proses penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana dampak dari penggunaan model ini dapat dilihat dari beberapa indikator yang diterapkan dalam proses belajar, partisipasi siswa dan hasil belajar siswa baik berupa perolehan nilai maupun perubahan sikap siswa dalam hal kemampuan intelektual dan sikap social siswa. Penelitian menggunakan Metode penelitian tindakan kelas (Classroom Action Research). Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi dan hasil belajar. Proses pembelajaran yang mengacu kepada pemanfaatan sumber dan media belajar dengan dibantu oleh model pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa, maka kualitas pembelajaran IPS akan dapat dirasakan lebih bermakna ( Meaningfull ) dan berkesan baik oleh guru dan siswa yang akhirnya akan bermuara pada peningkatan hasil belajar. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat menumbuhkan model kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa adalah Model Problem based learning. Dari hasil penelitian ini, diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut : (1) Proses pembelajaran dengan model problem based learning ternyata dapat memberikan hasil proses pembelajaran yang bermakna, siswa sangat antusias dalam proses pembelajaran IPS dan kesan pada mata pelajaran IPS lebih baik. (2) dengan menggunakan model problem based learning ternyata dapat menumbuhkan kemampuan siswa dalam bepikir kritis, dan (3) melalui penggunaan model problem based learning dalam proses pembelajaran IPS dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Untuk itu bagi peneliti selanjutnya dengan hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan bahan referensi untuk lebih ditingkatkan lagi hasil pembelajaran bagi siswa di sekolah dasar. Kata kunci: Problem Based Learning, HasilBelajar. This study, entitled Implementation of Model Problem Based Learning To Improve Student Results In Subject IPS At SD. The issues discussed in this study is is the process of learning in the elementary social studies using the learning model that is designed such that it can lead to the ability to think of students as well as the effectiveness of learning IPS. The goal of this research process is to determine the extent of the impact of the use of this model can be seen from several indicators are applied in the learning process, student participation and student learning outcomes in the form of acquisition value and change the attitudes of students in terms of intellectual capacity and social attitudes students. Research using action research methods class (Classroom Action Research). The data collection techniques used in this study is the observation and learning outcomes. The learning process, which refers to the utilization of resources and media learning, assisted by learning model that fits the needs of students, the quality of teaching social studies will be felt more significantly (meaningfull) and impressive both by teachers and students who eventually will lead to the improvement of learning outcomes. One model of learning that can foster students' critical thinking skills models is Problem-based learning model. From these results, the results are as follows: (1) The process of learning by problem-based learning models it can deliver meaningful results the learning process, students are very enthusiastic in learning process IPS and IPS impression on the subjects better. (2) by using a model of problem-based learning was able to cultivate students' skills in critical bepikir, and (3) through the use of problem-based learning models in the learning process IPS can improve student learning outcomes. Therefore for further research with the results of this study are expected to be used as reference material for further enhanced learning outcomes for students in elementary school. Keywords: Problem Based Learning, Learning Outcome

A lesson for cancer research : placental microarray gene analysis in preeclampsia

Tumor progression and pregnancy share many common features, such as immune tolerance and invasion. The invasion of trophoblasts in the placenta into the uterine wall is essential for fetal development, and is thus precisely regulated. Its deregulation has been implicated in preeclampsia, a leading cause for maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Pathogenesis of preeclampsia remains to be defined. Microarray-based gene profiling has been widely used for identifying genes responsible for preeclampsia. In this review, we have summarized the recent data from the microarray studies with preeclamptic placentas. Despite the complex of gene signatures, suggestive of the heterogeneity of preeclampsia, these studies identified a number of differentially expressed genes associated with preeclampsia. Interestingly, most of them have been reported to be tightly involved in tumor progression. We have discussed these interesting genes and analyzed their potential molecular functions in preeclampsia, compared with their roles in malignancy development. Further investigations are warranted to explore the involvement in molecular network of each identified gene, which may provide not only novel strategies for prevention and therapy for preeclampsia but also a better understanding of cancer cells. The trophoblastic cells, with their capacity for proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis and survival, migration, angiogenesis and immune modulation by exploiting similar molecular pathways, make them a compelling model for cancer research

The effects of clinical hypnosis versus Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) before External Cephalic Version (ECV) : a prospective off-centre randomised, double-blind, controlled trial

Objective. To examine the effects of clinical hypnosis versus NLP intervention on the success rate of ECV procedures in comparison to a control group. Methods. A prospective off-centre randomised trial of a clinical hypnosis intervention against NLP of women with a singleton breech fetus at or after 370/7 (259 days) weeks of gestation and normal amniotic fluid index. All 80 participants heard a 20-minute recorded intervention via head phones. Main outcome assessed was success rate of ECV. The intervention groups were compared with a control group with standard medical care alone (n=122). Results. A total of 42 women, who received a hypnosis intervention prior to ECV, had a 40.5% (n=17), successful ECV, whereas 38 women, who received NLP, had a 44.7% (n=17) successful ECV (P > 0.05). The control group had similar patient characteristics compared to the intervention groups (P > 0.05). In the control group (n = 122) 27.3% (n = 33) had a statistically significant lower successful ECV procedure than NLP (P = 0.05) and hypnosis and NLP (P = 0.03). Conclusions. These findings suggest that prior clinical hypnosis and NLP have similar success rates of ECV procedures and are both superior to standard medical care alone

Function of survivin in trophoblastic cells of the placenta

Background: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide and its pathogenesis is not totally understood. As a member of the chromosomal passenger complex and an inhibitor of apoptosis, survivin is a well-characterized oncoprotein. Its roles in trophoblastic cells remain to be defined. Methods: The placental samples from 16 preeclampsia patients and 16 well-matched controls were included in this study. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were carried out with placental tissues. Primary trophoblastic cells from term placentas were isolated for Western blot analysis. Cell proliferation, cell cycle analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed in trophoblastic cell lines BeWo, JAR and HTR-8/SVneo. Results: The survivin gene is reduced but the protein amount is hardly changed in preeclamptic placentas, compared to control placentas. Upon stress, survivin in trophoblastic cells is phosphorylated on its residue serine 20 by protein kinase A and becomes stabilized, accompanied by increased heat shock protein 90. Depletion of survivin induces chromosome misalignment, abnormal centrosome integrity, and reduced localization and activity of Aurora B at the centromeres/kinetochores in trophoblastic metaphase cells. Conclusions: Our data indicate that survivin plays pivotal roles in cell survival and proliferation of trophoblastic cells. Further investigations are required to define the function of survivin in each cell type of the placenta in the context of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration and invasion

Prenatal ultrasound screening for fetal anomalies and outcomes in high-risk pregnancies due to maternal HIV infection : a retrospective study

Objective: To assess the prevalence of prenatal screening and of adverse outcome in high-risk pregnancies due to maternal HIV infection. Study design: The prevalence of prenatal screening in 330 pregnancies of HIV-positive women attending the department for prenatal screening and/or during labour between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012, was recorded. Screening results were compared with the postnatal outcome and maternal morbidity, and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) was evaluated. Results: One hundred of 330 women (30.5%) had an early anomaly scan, 252 (74.5%) had a detailed scan at 20–22 weeks, 18 (5.5%) had a detailed scan prior to birth, and three (0.9%) had an amniocentesis. In seven cases (2.12%), a fetal anomaly was detected prenatally and confirmed postnatally, while in eight (2.42%) an anomaly was only detected postnatally, even though a prenatal scan was performed. There were no anomalies in the unscreened group. MTCT occurred in three cases (0.9%) and seven fetal and neonatal deaths (2.1%) were reported. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of prenatal ultrasound screening in our cohort is 74.5%, but often the opportunity for prenatal ultrasonography in the first trimester is missed. In general, the aim should be to offer prenatal ultrasonography in the first trimester in all pregnancies. This allows early reassurance or if fetal disease is suspected, further steps can be taken

Breaking and making the ancestors. piecing together the urnfield mortuary process in the Lower-Rhine-Basin, ca. 1300–400 BC

Towards the capstone of the European Bronze Age, in an area stretching from the Carpathians in the East to the North Sea in the West, vast cremation grave cemeteries occur that are perhaps better known as ‘urnfields.’ In the ‘Lower-Rhine-Basin,’ these cemeteries are often characterised by vast collections of small burial mounds under which the cremated remains of decedents were buried in small shaft-like pits. In many a case the cremated remains had been put in urns first, providing these cemeteries with their very name.This dissertation delves into the wealth of funerary practices reflected in more than 3,000 urnfield graves excavated throughout the Netherlands in order to reconstruct the mortuary process associated with the urnfields in this particular part of Europe. Together these graves tell interesting stories about how the dead related to each other, how plain and simple objects could be used as metaphors in the creation of relational and ancestral identities and how the dead were inextricably linked to the land.This research was part of the Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) funded projects 'Promoveren in de Geesteswetenschappen' (no. 322-060-007).European Prehistor