Structural and physiological changes in seeds and seedlings of Copaifera Langsdorffii DESF. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) submitted to sodium hypochlorite treatment

We determined the effect of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) immersion on the seed coat, germination and establishment of seedlings of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (copaiba; diesel tree; kerosene tree; Langsdorf's copaifera). Cuticle removal of the seed coats treated with 2.5% NaClO was shown by Sudan IV staining and scanning electronic microscopy. Treatment with NaClO increased water uptake by the seeds during the early stages of imbibition. The cell walls of cotyledons stained with ferric chloride showed phenolic compounds with putative inhibitory proprieties upon germination. Immersion in NaClO was the treatment most favorable to seedling emergence (54%) when compared to mechanical scarification (2%) and untreated control seeds (14%). These results indicate that NaClO is an efficient option for large-scale seedling production, principally due to its antiseptic proprieties.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) sobre a testa das sementes, germinação e o estabelecimento de plântulas de copaíba. A remoção da cutícula da testa de sementes após imersão em NaClO a 2,5% foi evidenciada pelo corante Sudan IV e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Com a remoção dessa camada ocorreu aumento significativo na absorção de água pela semente, durante a fase inicial da embebição. Substâncias fenólicas, provavelmente inibitórias da germinação, foram detectadas com cloreto férrico nas paredes celulares dos cotilédones. A imersão em NaClO foi mais favorável para a emergência de plântulas (54%), quando comparada com a escarificação mecânica (2%) e controle (14%). Esses resultados permitem concluir que a utilização do NaClO é uma alternativa eficaz para a produção de mudas em larga escala, devido principalmente às suas propriedades antissépticas.455

Structural and physiological changes in seeds and seedlings of Copaifera Langsdorffii DESF. (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) submitted to sodium hypochlorite treatment

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito do hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO) sobre a testa das sementes, germinação e o estabelecimento de plântulas de copaíba. A remoção da cutícula da testa de sementes após imersão em NaClO a 2,5% foi evidenciada pelo corante Sudan IV e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Com a remoção dessa camada ocorreu aumento significativo na absorção de água pela semente, durante a fase inicial da embebição. Substâncias fenólicas, provavelmente inibitórias da germinação, foram detectadas com cloreto férrico nas paredes celulares dos cotilédones. A imersão em NaClO foi mais favorável para a emergência de plântulas (54%), quando comparada com a escarificação mecânica (2%) e controle (14%). Esses resultados permitem concluir que a utilização do NaClO é uma alternativa eficaz para a produção de mudas em larga escala, devido principalmente às suas propriedades antissépticas.We determined the effect of Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) immersion on the seed coat, germination and establishment of seedlings of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (copaiba; diesel tree; kerosene tree; Langsdorf's copaifera). Cuticle removal of the seed coats treated with 2.5% NaClO was shown by Sudan IV staining and scanning electronic microscopy. Treatment with NaClO increased water uptake by the seeds during the early stages of imbibition. The cell walls of cotyledons stained with ferric chloride showed phenolic compounds with putative inhibitory proprieties upon germination. Immersion in NaClO was the treatment most favorable to seedling emergence (54%) when compared to mechanical scarification (2%) and untreated control seeds (14%). These results indicate that NaClO is an efficient option for large-scale seedling production, principally due to its antiseptic proprieties

Germination in developing seeds of Bixa orellana

Com este trabalho objetivou-se investigar a aquisição da capacidade germinativa e o estabelecimento da dormência em sementes em desenvolvimento de Bixa orellana L. (urucum). Foram caracterizados 7 estádios de desenvolvimento das sementes, baseados nas características morfológicas, massa fresca, massa seca e teor de umidade dos frutos e das sementes. Sementes imaturas de B. orellana não germinaram durante os estádios iniciais de seu desenvolvimento. As sementes adquiriram a capacidade germinativa máxima quando os níveis de umidade declinaram para valores em torno de 60%. Nessa fase, as sementes apresentaram acúmulo máximo de massa seca. A dormência foi estabelecida quando as sementes exibiam um conteúdo de água em torno de 10%.The objective of this work was to investigate the acquisition of germination capacity and the onset of dormancy in developing seeds of Bixa orellana L. (annatto). Seven stages of development were characterized with regard to morphology, fresh and dry mass and moisture content of the fruits and seeds. Immature seeds of B. orellana did not germinate during early stages of their development. The seeds achieved their maximum germination capacity after the moisture content had declined to around 60%. In this phase the seeds presented maximum dry mass. The onset of dormancy occurred when the seeds exhibited water contents around 10%

Formation of reserve substances during the development of annatto, Bixa orellana L. - Bixaceae, seeds

As sementes de urucum não germinam durante os primeiros estádios de seu desenvolvimento devido em parte à insuficiência de materiais de reserva. A análise in situ do material de reserva das sementes revelou que ocorrem principalmente proteínas e amido nas células do endosperma. Durante os estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento, o formato dos grãos de amido mostrou-se elíptico, devido a menor quantidade de amilose. Durante o desenvolvimento, os grãos tornaram-se mais esféricos devido ao aumento de amilose em relação a amilopectina. As células do endosperma não possuem corpos protéicos, mas armazenam proteínas. Durante o desenvolvimento houve acúmulo de proteínas dispersas pelo citoplasma. No estádio final do desenvolvimento, as proteínas tornaram-se compactadas devido à desidratação das sementes, que faz parte do processo global de maturação de sementes ortodoxas. A utilização de fluorescência natural revelou a presença de aminoácidos aromáticos no conteúdo protéico, principalmente triptofano e tirosina. Nestas sementes o conteúdo de matéria seca alcançou o máximo quando a semente apresentou cerca de 60% de umidade. Nesta fase a semente apresentou capacidade germinativa máxima.Annatto seeds do not germinate during early stages of their development because of insufficient reserve substances. In situ analysis showed that the principal reserves are proteins and starch, deposited in endosperm cells. During the early stages of development, the starch grains were elliptic, because amylose was the minor component. During development, these grains became more spherical due to an increase in amylose relative to amylopectin. Endosperm cells do not contain protein bodies, but they accumulate proteins dispersed in the cytoplasm. At the final stage of development the proteins became compacted due to the dehydration of the seeds wich is part of the global process of orthodox seeds maturation. Natural fluorescence revealed aromatic amino acids, principally tryptophan and tyrosine in the proteins. The seeds reached their maximum dry weight after moisture contents had declined to around 60%. At this point the seeds presented maximum germination capacity

Diurnal changes in storage carbohydrate metabolism in cotyledons of the tropical tree Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae)

(Diurnal changes in storage carbohydrate metabolism in cotyledons of the tropical tree Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae)). The cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril store large amounts of xyloglucan, a cell wall polysaccharide that is believed to serve as storage for the period of seedling establishment. During storage mobilisation, xyloglucan seems to be degraded by a continuous process that starts right after radicle protrusion and follows up to the establishment of photosynthesis. Here we show evidence that events related to the hydrolases activities and production (alpha-xylosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucosidase and xyloglucan endo-beta-transglucosilase) as well as auxin, showed changes that follow the diurnal cycle. The period of higher hydrolases activities was between 6pm and 6am, which is out of phase with photosynthesis. Among the enzymes, alpha-xilosidase seems to be more important than beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase in the xyloglucan disassembling mechanism. Likewise, the sugars related with sucrose metabolism followed the rhythm of the hydrolases, but starch levels were shown to be practically constant. A high level of auxin was observed during the night, what is compatible with the hypothesis that this hormone would be one of the regulators of the whole process. The probable biological meaning of the existence of such a complex control mechanism during storage mobilisation is likely to be related to a remarkably high level of efficiency of carbon usage by the growing seedling of Hymenaea courbaril, allowing the establishment of very vigorous seedlings in the tropical forest.CNPqCNPqFapesp (thematic project) [98/05124-8]Fapesp (thematic project

Novo método enzimático rápido e sensível de extração e dosagem de amido em materiais vegetais

Neste trabalho é feita uma comparação entre os métodos mais comumente utilizados para a dosagem de amido em materiais vegetais. A comparação entre um método químico (McCready) e o método enzimático proposto neste trabalho mostra que, embora o primeiro seja apropriado para a maioria dos materiais vegetais, nos casos em que polissacarídeos de parede celular (pectinas e hemiceluloses) estão presentes, os resultados podem ser bastante alterados. Entretanto, ao usar o método enzimático apresentado, foi possível obter estimativas acuradas dos conteúdos de amido de diversos tecidos vegetais. O método proposto neste trabalho é uma opção viável para determinação do conteúdo de amido em diversos tecidos de plantas

Diurnal changes in storage carbohydrate metabolism in cotyledons of the tropical tree Hymenaea courbaril L. (Leguminosae)

The cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril store large amounts of xyloglucan, a cell wall polysaccharide that is believed to serve as storage for the period of seedling establishment. During storage mobilisation, xyloglucan seems to be degraded by a continuous process that starts right after radicle protrusion and follows up to the establishment of photosynthesis. Here we show evidence that events related to the hydrolases activities and production (α-xylosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and xyloglucan endo-β-transglucosilase) as well as auxin, showed changes that follow the diurnal cycle. The period of higher hydrolases activities was between 6pm and 6am, which is out of phase with photosynthesis. Among the enzymes, α-xilosidase seems to be more important than β-glucosidase and β-galactosidase in the xyloglucan disassembling mechanism. Likewise, the sugars related with sucrose metabolism followed the rhythm of the hydrolases, but starch levels were shown to be practically constant. A high level of auxin was observed during the night, what is compatible with the hypothesis that this hormone would be one of the regulators of the whole process. The probable biological meaning of the existence of such a complex control mechanism during storage mobilisation is likely to be related to a remarkably high level of efficiency of carbon usage by the growing seedling of Hymenaea courbaril, allowing the establishment of very vigorous seedlings in the tropical forest.Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (IB)Departamento de Botânica (IB BOT)Em processament